Remove windows python distribution from repo and add requirements.txt

1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2334 deletions

diff --git a/python/flask/app.py b/python/flask/app.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c570a95..0000000
--- a/python/flask/app.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2334 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""
-    flask.app
-    ~~~~~~~~~
-
-    This module implements the central WSGI application object.
-
-    :copyright: © 2010 by the Pallets team.
-    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
-"""
-
-import os
-import sys
-import warnings
-from datetime import timedelta
-from functools import update_wrapper
-from itertools import chain
-from threading import Lock
-
-from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers, ImmutableDict
-from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequest, BadRequestKeyError, HTTPException, \
-    InternalServerError, MethodNotAllowed, default_exceptions
-from werkzeug.routing import BuildError, Map, RequestRedirect, \
-    RoutingException, Rule
-
-from . import cli, json
-from ._compat import integer_types, reraise, string_types, text_type
-from .config import Config, ConfigAttribute
-from .ctx import AppContext, RequestContext, _AppCtxGlobals
-from .globals import _request_ctx_stack, g, request, session
-from .helpers import (
-    _PackageBoundObject,
-    _endpoint_from_view_func, find_package, get_env, get_debug_flag,
-    get_flashed_messages, locked_cached_property, url_for, get_load_dotenv
-)
-from .logging import create_logger
-from .sessions import SecureCookieSessionInterface
-from .signals import appcontext_tearing_down, got_request_exception, \
-    request_finished, request_started, request_tearing_down
-from .templating import DispatchingJinjaLoader, Environment, \
-    _default_template_ctx_processor
-from .wrappers import Request, Response
-
-# a singleton sentinel value for parameter defaults
-_sentinel = object()
-
-
-def _make_timedelta(value):
-    if not isinstance(value, timedelta):
-        return timedelta(seconds=value)
-    return value
-
-
-def setupmethod(f):
-    """Wraps a method so that it performs a check in debug mode if the
-    first request was already handled.
-    """
-    def wrapper_func(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if self.debug and self._got_first_request:
-            raise AssertionError('A setup function was called after the '
-                'first request was handled.  This usually indicates a bug '
-                'in the application where a module was not imported '
-                'and decorators or other functionality was called too late.\n'
-                'To fix this make sure to import all your view modules, '
-                'database models and everything related at a central place '
-                'before the application starts serving requests.')
-        return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
-    return update_wrapper(wrapper_func, f)
-
-
-class Flask(_PackageBoundObject):
-    """The flask object implements a WSGI application and acts as the central
-    object.  It is passed the name of the module or package of the
-    application.  Once it is created it will act as a central registry for
-    the view functions, the URL rules, template configuration and much more.
-
-    The name of the package is used to resolve resources from inside the
-    package or the folder the module is contained in depending on if the
-    package parameter resolves to an actual python package (a folder with
-    an :file:`__init__.py` file inside) or a standard module (just a ``.py`` file).
-
-    For more information about resource loading, see :func:`open_resource`.
-
-    Usually you create a :class:`Flask` instance in your main module or
-    in the :file:`__init__.py` file of your package like this::
-
-        from flask import Flask
-        app = Flask(__name__)
-
-    .. admonition:: About the First Parameter
-
-        The idea of the first parameter is to give Flask an idea of what
-        belongs to your application.  This name is used to find resources
-        on the filesystem, can be used by extensions to improve debugging
-        information and a lot more.
-
-        So it's important what you provide there.  If you are using a single
-        module, `__name__` is always the correct value.  If you however are
-        using a package, it's usually recommended to hardcode the name of
-        your package there.
-
-        For example if your application is defined in :file:`yourapplication/app.py`
-        you should create it with one of the two versions below::
-
-            app = Flask('yourapplication')
-            app = Flask(__name__.split('.')[0])
-
-        Why is that?  The application will work even with `__name__`, thanks
-        to how resources are looked up.  However it will make debugging more
-        painful.  Certain extensions can make assumptions based on the
-        import name of your application.  For example the Flask-SQLAlchemy
-        extension will look for the code in your application that triggered
-        an SQL query in debug mode.  If the import name is not properly set
-        up, that debugging information is lost.  (For example it would only
-        pick up SQL queries in `yourapplication.app` and not
-        `yourapplication.views.frontend`)
-
-    .. versionadded:: 0.7
-       The `static_url_path`, `static_folder`, and `template_folder`
-       parameters were added.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 0.8
-       The `instance_path` and `instance_relative_config` parameters were
-       added.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 0.11
-       The `root_path` parameter was added.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.0
-       The ``host_matching`` and ``static_host`` parameters were added.
-
-    .. versionadded:: 1.0
-       The ``subdomain_matching`` parameter was added. Subdomain
-       matching needs to be enabled manually now. Setting
-       :data:`SERVER_NAME` does not implicitly enable it.
-
-    :param import_name: the name of the application package
-    :param static_url_path: can be used to specify a different path for the
-                            static files on the web.  Defaults to the name
-                            of the `static_folder` folder.
-    :param static_folder: the folder with static files that should be served
-                          at `static_url_path`.  Defaults to the ``'static'``
-                          folder in the root path of the application.
-    :param static_host: the host to use when adding the static route.
-        Defaults to None. Required when using ``host_matching=True``
-        with a ``static_folder`` configured.
-    :param host_matching: set ``url_map.host_matching`` attribute.
-        Defaults to False.
-    :param subdomain_matching: consider the subdomain relative to
-        :data:`SERVER_NAME` when matching routes. Defaults to False.
-    :param template_folder: the folder that contains the templates that should
-                            be used by the application.  Defaults to
-                            ``'templates'`` folder in the root path of the
-                            application.
-    :param instance_path: An alternative instance path for the application.
-                          By default the folder ``'instance'`` next to the
-                          package or module is assumed to be the instance
-                          path.
-    :param instance_relative_config: if set to ``True`` relative filenames
-                                     for loading the config are assumed to
-                                     be relative to the instance path instead
-                                     of the application root.
-    :param root_path: Flask by default will automatically calculate the path
-                      to the root of the application.  In certain situations
-                      this cannot be achieved (for instance if the package
-                      is a Python 3 namespace package) and needs to be
-                      manually defined.
-    """
-
-    #: The class that is used for request objects.  See :class:`~flask.Request`
-    #: for more information.
-    request_class = Request
-
-    #: The class that is used for response objects.  See
-    #: :class:`~flask.Response` for more information.
-    response_class = Response
-
-    #: The class that is used for the Jinja environment.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.11
-    jinja_environment = Environment
-
-    #: The class that is used for the :data:`~flask.g` instance.
-    #:
-    #: Example use cases for a custom class:
-    #:
-    #: 1. Store arbitrary attributes on flask.g.
-    #: 2. Add a property for lazy per-request database connectors.
-    #: 3. Return None instead of AttributeError on unexpected attributes.
-    #: 4. Raise exception if an unexpected attr is set, a "controlled" flask.g.
-    #:
-    #: In Flask 0.9 this property was called `request_globals_class` but it
-    #: was changed in 0.10 to :attr:`app_ctx_globals_class` because the
-    #: flask.g object is now application context scoped.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
-    app_ctx_globals_class = _AppCtxGlobals
-
-    #: The class that is used for the ``config`` attribute of this app.
-    #: Defaults to :class:`~flask.Config`.
-    #:
-    #: Example use cases for a custom class:
-    #:
-    #: 1. Default values for certain config options.
-    #: 2. Access to config values through attributes in addition to keys.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.11
-    config_class = Config
-
-    #: The testing flag.  Set this to ``True`` to enable the test mode of
-    #: Flask extensions (and in the future probably also Flask itself).
-    #: For example this might activate test helpers that have an
-    #: additional runtime cost which should not be enabled by default.
-    #:
-    #: If this is enabled and PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS is not changed from the
-    #: default it's implicitly enabled.
-    #:
-    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
-    #: ``TESTING`` configuration key.  Defaults to ``False``.
-    testing = ConfigAttribute('TESTING')
-
-    #: If a secret key is set, cryptographic components can use this to
-    #: sign cookies and other things. Set this to a complex random value
-    #: when you want to use the secure cookie for instance.
-    #:
-    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
-    #: :data:`SECRET_KEY` configuration key. Defaults to ``None``.
-    secret_key = ConfigAttribute('SECRET_KEY')
-
-    #: The secure cookie uses this for the name of the session cookie.
-    #:
-    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
-    #: ``SESSION_COOKIE_NAME`` configuration key.  Defaults to ``'session'``
-    session_cookie_name = ConfigAttribute('SESSION_COOKIE_NAME')
-
-    #: A :class:`~datetime.timedelta` which is used to set the expiration
-    #: date of a permanent session.  The default is 31 days which makes a
-    #: permanent session survive for roughly one month.
-    #:
-    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
-    #: ``PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME`` configuration key.  Defaults to
-    #: ``timedelta(days=31)``
-    permanent_session_lifetime = ConfigAttribute('PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME',
-        get_converter=_make_timedelta)
-
-    #: A :class:`~datetime.timedelta` which is used as default cache_timeout
-    #: for the :func:`send_file` functions. The default is 12 hours.
-    #:
-    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
-    #: ``SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT`` configuration key. This configuration
-    #: variable can also be set with an integer value used as seconds.
-    #: Defaults to ``timedelta(hours=12)``
-    send_file_max_age_default = ConfigAttribute('SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT',
-        get_converter=_make_timedelta)
-
-    #: Enable this if you want to use the X-Sendfile feature.  Keep in
-    #: mind that the server has to support this.  This only affects files
-    #: sent with the :func:`send_file` method.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.2
-    #:
-    #: This attribute can also be configured from the config with the
-    #: ``USE_X_SENDFILE`` configuration key.  Defaults to ``False``.
-    use_x_sendfile = ConfigAttribute('USE_X_SENDFILE')
-
-    #: The JSON encoder class to use.  Defaults to :class:`~flask.json.JSONEncoder`.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
-    json_encoder = json.JSONEncoder
-
-    #: The JSON decoder class to use.  Defaults to :class:`~flask.json.JSONDecoder`.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.10
-    json_decoder = json.JSONDecoder
-
-    #: Options that are passed directly to the Jinja2 environment.
-    jinja_options = ImmutableDict(
-        extensions=['jinja2.ext.autoescape', 'jinja2.ext.with_']
-    )
-
-    #: Default configuration parameters.
-    default_config = ImmutableDict({
-        'ENV':                                  None,
-        'DEBUG':                                None,
-        'TESTING':                              False,
-        'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS':                 None,
-        'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION':        None,
-        'SECRET_KEY':                           None,
-        'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),
-        'USE_X_SENDFILE':                       False,
-        'SERVER_NAME':                          None,
-        'APPLICATION_ROOT':                     '/',
-        'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
-        'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
-        'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
-        'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
-        'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
-        'SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE':              None,
-        'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,
-        'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH':                   None,
-        'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT':            timedelta(hours=12),
-        'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS':              None,
-        'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS':                 False,
-        'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING':             False,
-        'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME':                 'http',
-        'JSON_AS_ASCII':                        True,
-        'JSON_SORT_KEYS':                       True,
-        'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR':          False,
-        'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE':                     'application/json',
-        'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD':                None,
-        'MAX_COOKIE_SIZE': 4093,
-    })
-
-    #: The rule object to use for URL rules created.  This is used by
-    #: :meth:`add_url_rule`.  Defaults to :class:`werkzeug.routing.Rule`.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
-    url_rule_class = Rule
-
-    #: the test client that is used with when `test_client` is used.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
-    test_client_class = None
-
-    #: The :class:`~click.testing.CliRunner` subclass, by default
-    #: :class:`~flask.testing.FlaskCliRunner` that is used by
-    #: :meth:`test_cli_runner`. Its ``__init__`` method should take a
-    #: Flask app object as the first argument.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 1.0
-    test_cli_runner_class = None
-
-    #: the session interface to use.  By default an instance of
-    #: :class:`~flask.sessions.SecureCookieSessionInterface` is used here.
-    #:
-    #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
-    session_interface = SecureCookieSessionInterface()
-
-    # TODO remove the next three attrs when Sphinx :inherited-members: works
-    # https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/741
-
-    #: The name of the package or module that this app belongs to. Do not
-    #: change this once it is set by the constructor.
-    import_name = None
-
-    #: Location of the template files to be added to the template lookup.
-    #: ``None`` if templates should not be added.
-    template_folder = None
-
-    #: Absolute path to the package on the filesystem. Used to look up
-    #: resources contained in the package.
-    root_path = None
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        import_name,
-        static_url_path=None,
-        static_folder='static',
-        static_host=None,
-        host_matching=False,
-        subdomain_matching=False,
-        template_folder='templates',
-        instance_path=None,
-        instance_relative_config=False,
-        root_path=None
-    ):
-        _PackageBoundObject.__init__(
-            self,
-            import_name,
-            template_folder=template_folder,
-            root_path=root_path
-        )
-
-        if static_url_path is not None:
-            self.static_url_path = static_url_path
-
-        if static_folder is not None:
-            self.static_folder = static_folder
-
-        if instance_path is None:
-            instance_path = self.auto_find_instance_path()
-        elif not os.path.isabs(instance_path):
-            raise ValueError(
-                'If an instance path is provided it must be absolute.'
-                ' A relative path was given instead.'
-            )
-
-        #: Holds the path to the instance folder.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        self.instance_path = instance_path
-
-        #: The configuration dictionary as :class:`Config`.  This behaves
-        #: exactly like a regular dictionary but supports additional methods
-        #: to load a config from files.
-        self.config = self.make_config(instance_relative_config)
-
-        #: A dictionary of all view functions registered.  The keys will
-        #: be function names which are also used to generate URLs and
-        #: the values are the function objects themselves.
-        #: To register a view function, use the :meth:`route` decorator.
-        self.view_functions = {}
-
-        #: A dictionary of all registered error handlers.  The key is ``None``
-        #: for error handlers active on the application, otherwise the key is
-        #: the name of the blueprint.  Each key points to another dictionary
-        #: where the key is the status code of the http exception.  The
-        #: special key ``None`` points to a list of tuples where the first item
-        #: is the class for the instance check and the second the error handler
-        #: function.
-        #:
-        #: To register an error handler, use the :meth:`errorhandler`
-        #: decorator.
-        self.error_handler_spec = {}
-
-        #: A list of functions that are called when :meth:`url_for` raises a
-        #: :exc:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError`.  Each function registered here
-        #: is called with `error`, `endpoint` and `values`.  If a function
-        #: returns ``None`` or raises a :exc:`BuildError` the next function is
-        #: tried.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
-        self.url_build_error_handlers = []
-
-        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that will be called at the
-        #: beginning of each request. The key of the dictionary is the name of
-        #: the blueprint this function is active for, or ``None`` for all
-        #: requests. To register a function, use the :meth:`before_request`
-        #: decorator.
-        self.before_request_funcs = {}
-
-        #: A list of functions that will be called at the beginning of the
-        #: first request to this instance. To register a function, use the
-        #: :meth:`before_first_request` decorator.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        self.before_first_request_funcs = []
-
-        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that should be called after
-        #: each request.  The key of the dictionary is the name of the blueprint
-        #: this function is active for, ``None`` for all requests.  This can for
-        #: example be used to close database connections. To register a function
-        #: here, use the :meth:`after_request` decorator.
-        self.after_request_funcs = {}
-
-        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that are called after
-        #: each request, even if an exception has occurred. The key of the
-        #: dictionary is the name of the blueprint this function is active for,
-        #: ``None`` for all requests. These functions are not allowed to modify
-        #: the request, and their return values are ignored. If an exception
-        #: occurred while processing the request, it gets passed to each
-        #: teardown_request function. To register a function here, use the
-        #: :meth:`teardown_request` decorator.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        self.teardown_request_funcs = {}
-
-        #: A list of functions that are called when the application context
-        #: is destroyed.  Since the application context is also torn down
-        #: if the request ends this is the place to store code that disconnects
-        #: from databases.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.9
-        self.teardown_appcontext_funcs = []
-
-        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that are called before the
-        #: :attr:`before_request_funcs` functions. The key of the dictionary is
-        #: the name of the blueprint this function is active for, or ``None``
-        #: for all requests. To register a function, use
-        #: :meth:`url_value_preprocessor`.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        self.url_value_preprocessors = {}
-
-        #: A dictionary with lists of functions that can be used as URL value
-        #: preprocessors.  The key ``None`` here is used for application wide
-        #: callbacks, otherwise the key is the name of the blueprint.
-        #: Each of these functions has the chance to modify the dictionary
-        #: of URL values before they are used as the keyword arguments of the
-        #: view function.  For each function registered this one should also
-        #: provide a :meth:`url_defaults` function that adds the parameters
-        #: automatically again that were removed that way.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        self.url_default_functions = {}
-
-        #: A dictionary with list of functions that are called without argument
-        #: to populate the template context.  The key of the dictionary is the
-        #: name of the blueprint this function is active for, ``None`` for all
-        #: requests.  Each returns a dictionary that the template context is
-        #: updated with.  To register a function here, use the
-        #: :meth:`context_processor` decorator.
-        self.template_context_processors = {
-            None: [_default_template_ctx_processor]
-        }
-
-        #: A list of shell context processor functions that should be run
-        #: when a shell context is created.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.11
-        self.shell_context_processors = []
-
-        #: all the attached blueprints in a dictionary by name.  Blueprints
-        #: can be attached multiple times so this dictionary does not tell
-        #: you how often they got attached.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        self.blueprints = {}
-        self._blueprint_order = []
-
-        #: a place where extensions can store application specific state.  For
-        #: example this is where an extension could store database engines and
-        #: similar things.  For backwards compatibility extensions should register
-        #: themselves like this::
-        #:
-        #:      if not hasattr(app, 'extensions'):
-        #:          app.extensions = {}
-        #:      app.extensions['extensionname'] = SomeObject()
-        #:
-        #: The key must match the name of the extension module. For example in
-        #: case of a "Flask-Foo" extension in `flask_foo`, the key would be
-        #: ``'foo'``.
-        #:
-        #: .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        self.extensions = {}
-
-        #: The :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Map` for this instance.  You can use
-        #: this to change the routing converters after the class was created
-        #: but before any routes are connected.  Example::
-        #:
-        #:    from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
-        #:
-        #:    class ListConverter(BaseConverter):
-        #:        def to_python(self, value):
-        #:            return value.split(',')
-        #:        def to_url(self, values):
-        #:            return ','.join(super(ListConverter, self).to_url(value)
-        #:                            for value in values)
-        #:
-        #:    app = Flask(__name__)
-        #:    app.url_map.converters['list'] = ListConverter
-        self.url_map = Map()
-
-        self.url_map.host_matching = host_matching
-        self.subdomain_matching = subdomain_matching
-
-        # tracks internally if the application already handled at least one
-        # request.
-        self._got_first_request = False
-        self._before_request_lock = Lock()
-
-        # Add a static route using the provided static_url_path, static_host,
-        # and static_folder if there is a configured static_folder.
-        # Note we do this without checking if static_folder exists.
-        # For one, it might be created while the server is running (e.g. during
-        # development). Also, Google App Engine stores static files somewhere
-        if self.has_static_folder:
-            assert bool(static_host) == host_matching, 'Invalid static_host/host_matching combination'
-            self.add_url_rule(
-                self.static_url_path + '/<path:filename>',
-                endpoint='static',
-                host=static_host,
-                view_func=self.send_static_file
-            )
-
-        #: The click command line context for this application.  Commands
-        #: registered here show up in the :command:`flask` command once the
-        #: application has been discovered.  The default commands are
-        #: provided by Flask itself and can be overridden.
-        #:
-        #: This is an instance of a :class:`click.Group` object.
-        self.cli = cli.AppGroup(self.name)
-
-    @locked_cached_property
-    def name(self):
-        """The name of the application.  This is usually the import name
-        with the difference that it's guessed from the run file if the
-        import name is main.  This name is used as a display name when
-        Flask needs the name of the application.  It can be set and overridden
-        to change the value.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        """
-        if self.import_name == '__main__':
-            fn = getattr(sys.modules['__main__'], '__file__', None)
-            if fn is None:
-                return '__main__'
-            return os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(fn))[0]
-        return self.import_name
-
-    @property
-    def propagate_exceptions(self):
-        """Returns the value of the ``PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS`` configuration
-        value in case it's set, otherwise a sensible default is returned.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        rv = self.config['PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS']
-        if rv is not None:
-            return rv
-        return self.testing or self.debug
-
-    @property
-    def preserve_context_on_exception(self):
-        """Returns the value of the ``PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION``
-        configuration value in case it's set, otherwise a sensible default
-        is returned.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        rv = self.config['PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION']
-        if rv is not None:
-            return rv
-        return self.debug
-
-    @locked_cached_property
-    def logger(self):
-        """The ``'flask.app'`` logger, a standard Python
-        :class:`~logging.Logger`.
-
-        In debug mode, the logger's :attr:`~logging.Logger.level` will be set
-        to :data:`~logging.DEBUG`.
-
-        If there are no handlers configured, a default handler will be added.
-        See :ref:`logging` for more information.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 1.0
-            Behavior was simplified. The logger is always named
-            ``flask.app``. The level is only set during configuration, it
-            doesn't check ``app.debug`` each time. Only one format is used,
-            not different ones depending on ``app.debug``. No handlers are
-            removed, and a handler is only added if no handlers are already
-            configured.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.3
-        """
-        return create_logger(self)
-
-    @locked_cached_property
-    def jinja_env(self):
-        """The Jinja2 environment used to load templates."""
-        return self.create_jinja_environment()
-
-    @property
-    def got_first_request(self):
-        """This attribute is set to ``True`` if the application started
-        handling the first request.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        """
-        return self._got_first_request
-
-    def make_config(self, instance_relative=False):
-        """Used to create the config attribute by the Flask constructor.
-        The `instance_relative` parameter is passed in from the constructor
-        of Flask (there named `instance_relative_config`) and indicates if
-        the config should be relative to the instance path or the root path
-        of the application.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        """
-        root_path = self.root_path
-        if instance_relative:
-            root_path = self.instance_path
-        defaults = dict(self.default_config)
-        defaults['ENV'] = get_env()
-        defaults['DEBUG'] = get_debug_flag()
-        return self.config_class(root_path, defaults)
-
-    def auto_find_instance_path(self):
-        """Tries to locate the instance path if it was not provided to the
-        constructor of the application class.  It will basically calculate
-        the path to a folder named ``instance`` next to your main file or
-        the package.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        """
-        prefix, package_path = find_package(self.import_name)
-        if prefix is None:
-            return os.path.join(package_path, 'instance')
-        return os.path.join(prefix, 'var', self.name + '-instance')
-
-    def open_instance_resource(self, resource, mode='rb'):
-        """Opens a resource from the application's instance folder
-        (:attr:`instance_path`).  Otherwise works like
-        :meth:`open_resource`.  Instance resources can also be opened for
-        writing.
-
-        :param resource: the name of the resource.  To access resources within
-                         subfolders use forward slashes as separator.
-        :param mode: resource file opening mode, default is 'rb'.
-        """
-        return open(os.path.join(self.instance_path, resource), mode)
-
-    def _get_templates_auto_reload(self):
-        """Reload templates when they are changed. Used by
-        :meth:`create_jinja_environment`.
-
-        This attribute can be configured with :data:`TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD`. If
-        not set, it will be enabled in debug mode.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.0
-            This property was added but the underlying config and behavior
-            already existed.
-        """
-        rv = self.config['TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD']
-        return rv if rv is not None else self.debug
-
-    def _set_templates_auto_reload(self, value):
-        self.config['TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD'] = value
-
-    templates_auto_reload = property(
-        _get_templates_auto_reload, _set_templates_auto_reload
-    )
-    del _get_templates_auto_reload, _set_templates_auto_reload
-
-    def create_jinja_environment(self):
-        """Creates the Jinja2 environment based on :attr:`jinja_options`
-        and :meth:`select_jinja_autoescape`.  Since 0.7 this also adds
-        the Jinja2 globals and filters after initialization.  Override
-        this function to customize the behavior.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.5
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.11
-           ``Environment.auto_reload`` set in accordance with
-           ``TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD`` configuration option.
-        """
-        options = dict(self.jinja_options)
-
-        if 'autoescape' not in options:
-            options['autoescape'] = self.select_jinja_autoescape
-
-        if 'auto_reload' not in options:
-            options['auto_reload'] = self.templates_auto_reload
-
-        rv = self.jinja_environment(self, **options)
-        rv.globals.update(
-            url_for=url_for,
-            get_flashed_messages=get_flashed_messages,
-            config=self.config,
-            # request, session and g are normally added with the
-            # context processor for efficiency reasons but for imported
-            # templates we also want the proxies in there.
-            request=request,
-            session=session,
-            g=g
-        )
-        rv.filters['tojson'] = json.tojson_filter
-        return rv
-
-    def create_global_jinja_loader(self):
-        """Creates the loader for the Jinja2 environment.  Can be used to
-        override just the loader and keeping the rest unchanged.  It's
-        discouraged to override this function.  Instead one should override
-        the :meth:`jinja_loader` function instead.
-
-        The global loader dispatches between the loaders of the application
-        and the individual blueprints.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        return DispatchingJinjaLoader(self)
-
-    def select_jinja_autoescape(self, filename):
-        """Returns ``True`` if autoescaping should be active for the given
-        template name. If no template name is given, returns `True`.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.5
-        """
-        if filename is None:
-            return True
-        return filename.endswith(('.html', '.htm', '.xml', '.xhtml'))
-
-    def update_template_context(self, context):
-        """Update the template context with some commonly used variables.
-        This injects request, session, config and g into the template
-        context as well as everything template context processors want
-        to inject.  Note that the as of Flask 0.6, the original values
-        in the context will not be overridden if a context processor
-        decides to return a value with the same key.
-
-        :param context: the context as a dictionary that is updated in place
-                        to add extra variables.
-        """
-        funcs = self.template_context_processors[None]
-        reqctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
-        if reqctx is not None:
-            bp = reqctx.request.blueprint
-            if bp is not None and bp in self.template_context_processors:
-                funcs = chain(funcs, self.template_context_processors[bp])
-        orig_ctx = context.copy()
-        for func in funcs:
-            context.update(func())
-        # make sure the original values win.  This makes it possible to
-        # easier add new variables in context processors without breaking
-        # existing views.
-        context.update(orig_ctx)
-
-    def make_shell_context(self):
-        """Returns the shell context for an interactive shell for this
-        application.  This runs all the registered shell context
-        processors.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.11
-        """
-        rv = {'app': self, 'g': g}
-        for processor in self.shell_context_processors:
-            rv.update(processor())
-        return rv
-
-    #: What environment the app is running in. Flask and extensions may
-    #: enable behaviors based on the environment, such as enabling debug
-    #: mode. This maps to the :data:`ENV` config key. This is set by the
-    #: :envvar:`FLASK_ENV` environment variable and may not behave as
-    #: expected if set in code.
-    #:
-    #: **Do not enable development when deploying in production.**
-    #:
-    #: Default: ``'production'``
-    env = ConfigAttribute('ENV')
-
-    def _get_debug(self):
-        return self.config['DEBUG']
-
-    def _set_debug(self, value):
-        self.config['DEBUG'] = value
-        self.jinja_env.auto_reload = self.templates_auto_reload
-
-    #: Whether debug mode is enabled. When using ``flask run`` to start
-    #: the development server, an interactive debugger will be shown for
-    #: unhandled exceptions, and the server will be reloaded when code
-    #: changes. This maps to the :data:`DEBUG` config key. This is
-    #: enabled when :attr:`env` is ``'development'`` and is overridden
-    #: by the ``FLASK_DEBUG`` environment variable. It may not behave as
-    #: expected if set in code.
-    #:
-    #: **Do not enable debug mode when deploying in production.**
-    #:
-    #: Default: ``True`` if :attr:`env` is ``'development'``, or
-    #: ``False`` otherwise.
-    debug = property(_get_debug, _set_debug)
-    del _get_debug, _set_debug
-
-    def run(self, host=None, port=None, debug=None,
-            load_dotenv=True, **options):
-        """Runs the application on a local development server.
-
-        Do not use ``run()`` in a production setting. It is not intended to
-        meet security and performance requirements for a production server.
-        Instead, see :ref:`deployment` for WSGI server recommendations.
-
-        If the :attr:`debug` flag is set the server will automatically reload
-        for code changes and show a debugger in case an exception happened.
-
-        If you want to run the application in debug mode, but disable the
-        code execution on the interactive debugger, you can pass
-        ``use_evalex=False`` as parameter.  This will keep the debugger's
-        traceback screen active, but disable code execution.
-
-        It is not recommended to use this function for development with
-        automatic reloading as this is badly supported.  Instead you should
-        be using the :command:`flask` command line script's ``run`` support.
-
-        .. admonition:: Keep in Mind
-
-           Flask will suppress any server error with a generic error page
-           unless it is in debug mode.  As such to enable just the
-           interactive debugger without the code reloading, you have to
-           invoke :meth:`run` with ``debug=True`` and ``use_reloader=False``.
-           Setting ``use_debugger`` to ``True`` without being in debug mode
-           won't catch any exceptions because there won't be any to
-           catch.
-
-        :param host: the hostname to listen on. Set this to ``'0.0.0.0'`` to
-            have the server available externally as well. Defaults to
-            ``'127.0.0.1'`` or the host in the ``SERVER_NAME`` config variable
-            if present.
-        :param port: the port of the webserver. Defaults to ``5000`` or the
-            port defined in the ``SERVER_NAME`` config variable if present.
-        :param debug: if given, enable or disable debug mode. See
-            :attr:`debug`.
-        :param load_dotenv: Load the nearest :file:`.env` and :file:`.flaskenv`
-            files to set environment variables. Will also change the working
-            directory to the directory containing the first file found.
-        :param options: the options to be forwarded to the underlying Werkzeug
-            server. See :func:`werkzeug.serving.run_simple` for more
-            information.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 1.0
-            If installed, python-dotenv will be used to load environment
-            variables from :file:`.env` and :file:`.flaskenv` files.
-
-            If set, the :envvar:`FLASK_ENV` and :envvar:`FLASK_DEBUG`
-            environment variables will override :attr:`env` and
-            :attr:`debug`.
-
-            Threaded mode is enabled by default.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.10
-            The default port is now picked from the ``SERVER_NAME``
-            variable.
-        """
-        # Change this into a no-op if the server is invoked from the
-        # command line. Have a look at cli.py for more information.
-        if os.environ.get('FLASK_RUN_FROM_CLI') == 'true':
-            from .debughelpers import explain_ignored_app_run
-            explain_ignored_app_run()
-            return
-
-        if get_load_dotenv(load_dotenv):
-            cli.load_dotenv()
-
-            # if set, let env vars override previous values
-            if 'FLASK_ENV' in os.environ:
-                self.env = get_env()
-                self.debug = get_debug_flag()
-            elif 'FLASK_DEBUG' in os.environ:
-                self.debug = get_debug_flag()
-
-        # debug passed to method overrides all other sources
-        if debug is not None:
-            self.debug = bool(debug)
-
-        _host = '127.0.0.1'
-        _port = 5000
-        server_name = self.config.get('SERVER_NAME')
-        sn_host, sn_port = None, None
-
-        if server_name:
-            sn_host, _, sn_port = server_name.partition(':')
-
-        host = host or sn_host or _host
-        port = int(port or sn_port or _port)
-
-        options.setdefault('use_reloader', self.debug)
-        options.setdefault('use_debugger', self.debug)
-        options.setdefault('threaded', True)
-
-        cli.show_server_banner(self.env, self.debug, self.name, False)
-
-        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
-
-        try:
-            run_simple(host, port, self, **options)
-        finally:
-            # reset the first request information if the development server
-            # reset normally.  This makes it possible to restart the server
-            # without reloader and that stuff from an interactive shell.
-            self._got_first_request = False
-
-    def test_client(self, use_cookies=True, **kwargs):
-        """Creates a test client for this application.  For information
-        about unit testing head over to :ref:`testing`.
-
-        Note that if you are testing for assertions or exceptions in your
-        application code, you must set ``app.testing = True`` in order for the
-        exceptions to propagate to the test client.  Otherwise, the exception
-        will be handled by the application (not visible to the test client) and
-        the only indication of an AssertionError or other exception will be a
-        500 status code response to the test client.  See the :attr:`testing`
-        attribute.  For example::
-
-            app.testing = True
-            client = app.test_client()
-
-        The test client can be used in a ``with`` block to defer the closing down
-        of the context until the end of the ``with`` block.  This is useful if
-        you want to access the context locals for testing::
-
-            with app.test_client() as c:
-                rv = c.get('/?vodka=42')
-                assert request.args['vodka'] == '42'
-
-        Additionally, you may pass optional keyword arguments that will then
-        be passed to the application's :attr:`test_client_class` constructor.
-        For example::
-
-            from flask.testing import FlaskClient
-
-            class CustomClient(FlaskClient):
-                def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                    self._authentication = kwargs.pop("authentication")
-                    super(CustomClient,self).__init__( *args, **kwargs)
-
-            app.test_client_class = CustomClient
-            client = app.test_client(authentication='Basic ....')
-
-        See :class:`~flask.testing.FlaskClient` for more information.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.4
-           added support for ``with`` block usage for the client.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-           The `use_cookies` parameter was added as well as the ability
-           to override the client to be used by setting the
-           :attr:`test_client_class` attribute.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.11
-           Added `**kwargs` to support passing additional keyword arguments to
-           the constructor of :attr:`test_client_class`.
-        """
-        cls = self.test_client_class
-        if cls is None:
-            from flask.testing import FlaskClient as cls
-        return cls(self, self.response_class, use_cookies=use_cookies, **kwargs)
-
-    def test_cli_runner(self, **kwargs):
-        """Create a CLI runner for testing CLI commands.
-        See :ref:`testing-cli`.
-
-        Returns an instance of :attr:`test_cli_runner_class`, by default
-        :class:`~flask.testing.FlaskCliRunner`. The Flask app object is
-        passed as the first argument.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 1.0
-        """
-        cls = self.test_cli_runner_class
-
-        if cls is None:
-            from flask.testing import FlaskCliRunner as cls
-
-        return cls(self, **kwargs)
-
-    def open_session(self, request):
-        """Creates or opens a new session.  Default implementation stores all
-        session data in a signed cookie.  This requires that the
-        :attr:`secret_key` is set.  Instead of overriding this method
-        we recommend replacing the :class:`session_interface`.
-
-        .. deprecated: 1.0
-            Will be removed in 1.1. Use ``session_interface.open_session``
-            instead.
-
-        :param request: an instance of :attr:`request_class`.
-        """
-
-        warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning(
-            '"open_session" is deprecated and will be removed in 1.1. Use'
-            ' "session_interface.open_session" instead.'
-        ))
-        return self.session_interface.open_session(self, request)
-
-    def save_session(self, session, response):
-        """Saves the session if it needs updates.  For the default
-        implementation, check :meth:`open_session`.  Instead of overriding this
-        method we recommend replacing the :class:`session_interface`.
-
-        .. deprecated: 1.0
-            Will be removed in 1.1. Use ``session_interface.save_session``
-            instead.
-
-        :param session: the session to be saved (a
-                        :class:`~werkzeug.contrib.securecookie.SecureCookie`
-                        object)
-        :param response: an instance of :attr:`response_class`
-        """
-
-        warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning(
-            '"save_session" is deprecated and will be removed in 1.1. Use'
-            ' "session_interface.save_session" instead.'
-        ))
-        return self.session_interface.save_session(self, session, response)
-
-    def make_null_session(self):
-        """Creates a new instance of a missing session.  Instead of overriding
-        this method we recommend replacing the :class:`session_interface`.
-
-        .. deprecated: 1.0
-            Will be removed in 1.1. Use ``session_interface.make_null_session``
-            instead.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-
-        warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning(
-            '"make_null_session" is deprecated and will be removed in 1.1. Use'
-            ' "session_interface.make_null_session" instead.'
-        ))
-        return self.session_interface.make_null_session(self)
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def register_blueprint(self, blueprint, **options):
-        """Register a :class:`~flask.Blueprint` on the application. Keyword
-        arguments passed to this method will override the defaults set on the
-        blueprint.
-
-        Calls the blueprint's :meth:`~flask.Blueprint.register` method after
-        recording the blueprint in the application's :attr:`blueprints`.
-
-        :param blueprint: The blueprint to register.
-        :param url_prefix: Blueprint routes will be prefixed with this.
-        :param subdomain: Blueprint routes will match on this subdomain.
-        :param url_defaults: Blueprint routes will use these default values for
-            view arguments.
-        :param options: Additional keyword arguments are passed to
-            :class:`~flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState`. They can be
-            accessed in :meth:`~flask.Blueprint.record` callbacks.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        first_registration = False
-
-        if blueprint.name in self.blueprints:
-            assert self.blueprints[blueprint.name] is blueprint, (
-                'A name collision occurred between blueprints %r and %r. Both'
-                ' share the same name "%s". Blueprints that are created on the'
-                ' fly need unique names.' % (
-                    blueprint, self.blueprints[blueprint.name], blueprint.name
-                )
-            )
-        else:
-            self.blueprints[blueprint.name] = blueprint
-            self._blueprint_order.append(blueprint)
-            first_registration = True
-
-        blueprint.register(self, options, first_registration)
-
-    def iter_blueprints(self):
-        """Iterates over all blueprints by the order they were registered.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.11
-        """
-        return iter(self._blueprint_order)
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def add_url_rule(self, rule, endpoint=None, view_func=None,
-                     provide_automatic_options=None, **options):
-        """Connects a URL rule.  Works exactly like the :meth:`route`
-        decorator.  If a view_func is provided it will be registered with the
-        endpoint.
-
-        Basically this example::
-
-            @app.route('/')
-            def index():
-                pass
-
-        Is equivalent to the following::
-
-            def index():
-                pass
-            app.add_url_rule('/', 'index', index)
-
-        If the view_func is not provided you will need to connect the endpoint
-        to a view function like so::
-
-            app.view_functions['index'] = index
-
-        Internally :meth:`route` invokes :meth:`add_url_rule` so if you want
-        to customize the behavior via subclassing you only need to change
-        this method.
-
-        For more information refer to :ref:`url-route-registrations`.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.2
-           `view_func` parameter added.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.6
-           ``OPTIONS`` is added automatically as method.
-
-        :param rule: the URL rule as string
-        :param endpoint: the endpoint for the registered URL rule.  Flask
-                         itself assumes the name of the view function as
-                         endpoint
-        :param view_func: the function to call when serving a request to the
-                          provided endpoint
-        :param provide_automatic_options: controls whether the ``OPTIONS``
-            method should be added automatically. This can also be controlled
-            by setting the ``view_func.provide_automatic_options = False``
-            before adding the rule.
-        :param options: the options to be forwarded to the underlying
-                        :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object.  A change
-                        to Werkzeug is handling of method options.  methods
-                        is a list of methods this rule should be limited
-                        to (``GET``, ``POST`` etc.).  By default a rule
-                        just listens for ``GET`` (and implicitly ``HEAD``).
-                        Starting with Flask 0.6, ``OPTIONS`` is implicitly
-                        added and handled by the standard request handling.
-        """
-        if endpoint is None:
-            endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func)
-        options['endpoint'] = endpoint
-        methods = options.pop('methods', None)
-
-        # if the methods are not given and the view_func object knows its
-        # methods we can use that instead.  If neither exists, we go with
-        # a tuple of only ``GET`` as default.
-        if methods is None:
-            methods = getattr(view_func, 'methods', None) or ('GET',)
-        if isinstance(methods, string_types):
-            raise TypeError('Allowed methods have to be iterables of strings, '
-                            'for example: @app.route(..., methods=["POST"])')
-        methods = set(item.upper() for item in methods)
-
-        # Methods that should always be added
-        required_methods = set(getattr(view_func, 'required_methods', ()))
-
-        # starting with Flask 0.8 the view_func object can disable and
-        # force-enable the automatic options handling.
-        if provide_automatic_options is None:
-            provide_automatic_options = getattr(view_func,
-                'provide_automatic_options', None)
-
-        if provide_automatic_options is None:
-            if 'OPTIONS' not in methods:
-                provide_automatic_options = True
-                required_methods.add('OPTIONS')
-            else:
-                provide_automatic_options = False
-
-        # Add the required methods now.
-        methods |= required_methods
-
-        rule = self.url_rule_class(rule, methods=methods, **options)
-        rule.provide_automatic_options = provide_automatic_options
-
-        self.url_map.add(rule)
-        if view_func is not None:
-            old_func = self.view_functions.get(endpoint)
-            if old_func is not None and old_func != view_func:
-                raise AssertionError('View function mapping is overwriting an '
-                                     'existing endpoint function: %s' % endpoint)
-            self.view_functions[endpoint] = view_func
-
-    def route(self, rule, **options):
-        """A decorator that is used to register a view function for a
-        given URL rule.  This does the same thing as :meth:`add_url_rule`
-        but is intended for decorator usage::
-
-            @app.route('/')
-            def index():
-                return 'Hello World'
-
-        For more information refer to :ref:`url-route-registrations`.
-
-        :param rule: the URL rule as string
-        :param endpoint: the endpoint for the registered URL rule.  Flask
-                         itself assumes the name of the view function as
-                         endpoint
-        :param options: the options to be forwarded to the underlying
-                        :class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object.  A change
-                        to Werkzeug is handling of method options.  methods
-                        is a list of methods this rule should be limited
-                        to (``GET``, ``POST`` etc.).  By default a rule
-                        just listens for ``GET`` (and implicitly ``HEAD``).
-                        Starting with Flask 0.6, ``OPTIONS`` is implicitly
-                        added and handled by the standard request handling.
-        """
-        def decorator(f):
-            endpoint = options.pop('endpoint', None)
-            self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)
-            return f
-        return decorator
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def endpoint(self, endpoint):
-        """A decorator to register a function as an endpoint.
-        Example::
-
-            @app.endpoint('example.endpoint')
-            def example():
-                return "example"
-
-        :param endpoint: the name of the endpoint
-        """
-        def decorator(f):
-            self.view_functions[endpoint] = f
-            return f
-        return decorator
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _get_exc_class_and_code(exc_class_or_code):
-        """Ensure that we register only exceptions as handler keys"""
-        if isinstance(exc_class_or_code, integer_types):
-            exc_class = default_exceptions[exc_class_or_code]
-        else:
-            exc_class = exc_class_or_code
-
-        assert issubclass(exc_class, Exception)
-
-        if issubclass(exc_class, HTTPException):
-            return exc_class, exc_class.code
-        else:
-            return exc_class, None
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def errorhandler(self, code_or_exception):
-        """Register a function to handle errors by code or exception class.
-
-        A decorator that is used to register a function given an
-        error code.  Example::
-
-            @app.errorhandler(404)
-            def page_not_found(error):
-                return 'This page does not exist', 404
-
-        You can also register handlers for arbitrary exceptions::
-
-            @app.errorhandler(DatabaseError)
-            def special_exception_handler(error):
-                return 'Database connection failed', 500
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-            Use :meth:`register_error_handler` instead of modifying
-            :attr:`error_handler_spec` directly, for application wide error
-            handlers.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-           One can now additionally also register custom exception types
-           that do not necessarily have to be a subclass of the
-           :class:`~werkzeug.exceptions.HTTPException` class.
-
-        :param code_or_exception: the code as integer for the handler, or
-                                  an arbitrary exception
-        """
-        def decorator(f):
-            self._register_error_handler(None, code_or_exception, f)
-            return f
-        return decorator
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def register_error_handler(self, code_or_exception, f):
-        """Alternative error attach function to the :meth:`errorhandler`
-        decorator that is more straightforward to use for non decorator
-        usage.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        self._register_error_handler(None, code_or_exception, f)
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def _register_error_handler(self, key, code_or_exception, f):
-        """
-        :type key: None|str
-        :type code_or_exception: int|T<=Exception
-        :type f: callable
-        """
-        if isinstance(code_or_exception, HTTPException):  # old broken behavior
-            raise ValueError(
-                'Tried to register a handler for an exception instance {0!r}.'
-                ' Handlers can only be registered for exception classes or'
-                ' HTTP error codes.'.format(code_or_exception)
-            )
-
-        try:
-            exc_class, code = self._get_exc_class_and_code(code_or_exception)
-        except KeyError:
-            raise KeyError(
-                "'{0}' is not a recognized HTTP error code. Use a subclass of"
-                " HTTPException with that code instead.".format(code_or_exception)
-            )
-
-        handlers = self.error_handler_spec.setdefault(key, {}).setdefault(code, {})
-        handlers[exc_class] = f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def template_filter(self, name=None):
-        """A decorator that is used to register custom template filter.
-        You can specify a name for the filter, otherwise the function
-        name will be used. Example::
-
-          @app.template_filter()
-          def reverse(s):
-              return s[::-1]
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
-        """
-        def decorator(f):
-            self.add_template_filter(f, name=name)
-            return f
-        return decorator
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def add_template_filter(self, f, name=None):
-        """Register a custom template filter.  Works exactly like the
-        :meth:`template_filter` decorator.
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
-        """
-        self.jinja_env.filters[name or f.__name__] = f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def template_test(self, name=None):
-        """A decorator that is used to register custom template test.
-        You can specify a name for the test, otherwise the function
-        name will be used. Example::
-
-          @app.template_test()
-          def is_prime(n):
-              if n == 2:
-                  return True
-              for i in range(2, int(math.ceil(math.sqrt(n))) + 1):
-                  if n % i == 0:
-                      return False
-              return True
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
-        """
-        def decorator(f):
-            self.add_template_test(f, name=name)
-            return f
-        return decorator
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def add_template_test(self, f, name=None):
-        """Register a custom template test.  Works exactly like the
-        :meth:`template_test` decorator.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
-        """
-        self.jinja_env.tests[name or f.__name__] = f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def template_global(self, name=None):
-        """A decorator that is used to register a custom template global function.
-        You can specify a name for the global function, otherwise the function
-        name will be used. Example::
-
-            @app.template_global()
-            def double(n):
-                return 2 * n
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the global function, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
-        """
-        def decorator(f):
-            self.add_template_global(f, name=name)
-            return f
-        return decorator
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def add_template_global(self, f, name=None):
-        """Register a custom template global function. Works exactly like the
-        :meth:`template_global` decorator.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
-
-        :param name: the optional name of the global function, otherwise the
-                     function name will be used.
-        """
-        self.jinja_env.globals[name or f.__name__] = f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def before_request(self, f):
-        """Registers a function to run before each request.
-
-        For example, this can be used to open a database connection, or to load
-        the logged in user from the session.
-
-        The function will be called without any arguments. If it returns a
-        non-None value, the value is handled as if it was the return value from
-        the view, and further request handling is stopped.
-        """
-        self.before_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
-        return f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def before_first_request(self, f):
-        """Registers a function to be run before the first request to this
-        instance of the application.
-
-        The function will be called without any arguments and its return
-        value is ignored.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        """
-        self.before_first_request_funcs.append(f)
-        return f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def after_request(self, f):
-        """Register a function to be run after each request.
-
-        Your function must take one parameter, an instance of
-        :attr:`response_class` and return a new response object or the
-        same (see :meth:`process_response`).
-
-        As of Flask 0.7 this function might not be executed at the end of the
-        request in case an unhandled exception occurred.
-        """
-        self.after_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
-        return f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def teardown_request(self, f):
-        """Register a function to be run at the end of each request,
-        regardless of whether there was an exception or not.  These functions
-        are executed when the request context is popped, even if not an
-        actual request was performed.
-
-        Example::
-
-            ctx = app.test_request_context()
-            ctx.push()
-            ...
-            ctx.pop()
-
-        When ``ctx.pop()`` is executed in the above example, the teardown
-        functions are called just before the request context moves from the
-        stack of active contexts.  This becomes relevant if you are using
-        such constructs in tests.
-
-        Generally teardown functions must take every necessary step to avoid
-        that they will fail.  If they do execute code that might fail they
-        will have to surround the execution of these code by try/except
-        statements and log occurring errors.
-
-        When a teardown function was called because of an exception it will
-        be passed an error object.
-
-        The return values of teardown functions are ignored.
-
-        .. admonition:: Debug Note
-
-           In debug mode Flask will not tear down a request on an exception
-           immediately.  Instead it will keep it alive so that the interactive
-           debugger can still access it.  This behavior can be controlled
-           by the ``PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION`` configuration variable.
-        """
-        self.teardown_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
-        return f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def teardown_appcontext(self, f):
-        """Registers a function to be called when the application context
-        ends.  These functions are typically also called when the request
-        context is popped.
-
-        Example::
-
-            ctx = app.app_context()
-            ctx.push()
-            ...
-            ctx.pop()
-
-        When ``ctx.pop()`` is executed in the above example, the teardown
-        functions are called just before the app context moves from the
-        stack of active contexts.  This becomes relevant if you are using
-        such constructs in tests.
-
-        Since a request context typically also manages an application
-        context it would also be called when you pop a request context.
-
-        When a teardown function was called because of an unhandled exception
-        it will be passed an error object. If an :meth:`errorhandler` is
-        registered, it will handle the exception and the teardown will not
-        receive it.
-
-        The return values of teardown functions are ignored.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.9
-        """
-        self.teardown_appcontext_funcs.append(f)
-        return f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def context_processor(self, f):
-        """Registers a template context processor function."""
-        self.template_context_processors[None].append(f)
-        return f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def shell_context_processor(self, f):
-        """Registers a shell context processor function.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.11
-        """
-        self.shell_context_processors.append(f)
-        return f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def url_value_preprocessor(self, f):
-        """Register a URL value preprocessor function for all view
-        functions in the application. These functions will be called before the
-        :meth:`before_request` functions.
-
-        The function can modify the values captured from the matched url before
-        they are passed to the view. For example, this can be used to pop a
-        common language code value and place it in ``g`` rather than pass it to
-        every view.
-
-        The function is passed the endpoint name and values dict. The return
-        value is ignored.
-        """
-        self.url_value_preprocessors.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
-        return f
-
-    @setupmethod
-    def url_defaults(self, f):
-        """Callback function for URL defaults for all view functions of the
-        application.  It's called with the endpoint and values and should
-        update the values passed in place.
-        """
-        self.url_default_functions.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
-        return f
-
-    def _find_error_handler(self, e):
-        """Return a registered error handler for an exception in this order:
-        blueprint handler for a specific code, app handler for a specific code,
-        blueprint handler for an exception class, app handler for an exception
-        class, or ``None`` if a suitable handler is not found.
-        """
-        exc_class, code = self._get_exc_class_and_code(type(e))
-
-        for name, c in (
-            (request.blueprint, code), (None, code),
-            (request.blueprint, None), (None, None)
-        ):
-            handler_map = self.error_handler_spec.setdefault(name, {}).get(c)
-
-            if not handler_map:
-                continue
-
-            for cls in exc_class.__mro__:
-                handler = handler_map.get(cls)
-
-                if handler is not None:
-                    return handler
-
-    def handle_http_exception(self, e):
-        """Handles an HTTP exception.  By default this will invoke the
-        registered error handlers and fall back to returning the
-        exception as response.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 1.0.3
-            ``RoutingException``, used internally for actions such as
-             slash redirects during routing, is not passed to error
-             handlers.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 1.0
-            Exceptions are looked up by code *and* by MRO, so
-            ``HTTPExcpetion`` subclasses can be handled with a catch-all
-            handler for the base ``HTTPException``.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.3
-        """
-        # Proxy exceptions don't have error codes.  We want to always return
-        # those unchanged as errors
-        if e.code is None:
-            return e
-
-        # RoutingExceptions are used internally to trigger routing
-        # actions, such as slash redirects raising RequestRedirect. They
-        # are not raised or handled in user code.
-        if isinstance(e, RoutingException):
-            return e
-
-        handler = self._find_error_handler(e)
-        if handler is None:
-            return e
-        return handler(e)
-
-    def trap_http_exception(self, e):
-        """Checks if an HTTP exception should be trapped or not.  By default
-        this will return ``False`` for all exceptions except for a bad request
-        key error if ``TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS`` is set to ``True``.  It
-        also returns ``True`` if ``TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS`` is set to ``True``.
-
-        This is called for all HTTP exceptions raised by a view function.
-        If it returns ``True`` for any exception the error handler for this
-        exception is not called and it shows up as regular exception in the
-        traceback.  This is helpful for debugging implicitly raised HTTP
-        exceptions.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 1.0
-            Bad request errors are not trapped by default in debug mode.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        """
-        if self.config['TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS']:
-            return True
-
-        trap_bad_request = self.config['TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS']
-
-        # if unset, trap key errors in debug mode
-        if (
-            trap_bad_request is None and self.debug
-            and isinstance(e, BadRequestKeyError)
-        ):
-            return True
-
-        if trap_bad_request:
-            return isinstance(e, BadRequest)
-
-        return False
-
-    def handle_user_exception(self, e):
-        """This method is called whenever an exception occurs that
-        should be handled. A special case is :class:`~werkzeug
-        .exceptions.HTTPException` which is forwarded to the
-        :meth:`handle_http_exception` method. This function will either
-        return a response value or reraise the exception with the same
-        traceback.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 1.0
-            Key errors raised from request data like ``form`` show the
-            bad key in debug mode rather than a generic bad request
-            message.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
-        assert exc_value is e
-        # ensure not to trash sys.exc_info() at that point in case someone
-        # wants the traceback preserved in handle_http_exception.  Of course
-        # we cannot prevent users from trashing it themselves in a custom
-        # trap_http_exception method so that's their fault then.
-
-        if isinstance(e, BadRequestKeyError):
-            if self.debug or self.config["TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS"]:
-                # Werkzeug < 0.15 doesn't add the KeyError to the 400
-                # message, add it in manually.
-                description = e.get_description()
-
-                if e.args[0] not in description:
-                    e.description = "KeyError: '{}'".format(*e.args)
-            else:
-                # Werkzeug >= 0.15 does add it, remove it in production
-                e.args = ()
-
-        if isinstance(e, HTTPException) and not self.trap_http_exception(e):
-            return self.handle_http_exception(e)
-
-        handler = self._find_error_handler(e)
-
-        if handler is None:
-            reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
-        return handler(e)
-
-    def handle_exception(self, e):
-        """Default exception handling that kicks in when an exception
-        occurs that is not caught.  In debug mode the exception will
-        be re-raised immediately, otherwise it is logged and the handler
-        for a 500 internal server error is used.  If no such handler
-        exists, a default 500 internal server error message is displayed.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.3
-        """
-        exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
-
-        got_request_exception.send(self, exception=e)
-        handler = self._find_error_handler(InternalServerError())
-
-        if self.propagate_exceptions:
-            # if we want to repropagate the exception, we can attempt to
-            # raise it with the whole traceback in case we can do that
-            # (the function was actually called from the except part)
-            # otherwise, we just raise the error again
-            if exc_value is e:
-                reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
-            else:
-                raise e
-
-        self.log_exception((exc_type, exc_value, tb))
-        if handler is None:
-            return InternalServerError()
-        return self.finalize_request(handler(e), from_error_handler=True)
-
-    def log_exception(self, exc_info):
-        """Logs an exception.  This is called by :meth:`handle_exception`
-        if debugging is disabled and right before the handler is called.
-        The default implementation logs the exception as error on the
-        :attr:`logger`.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.8
-        """
-        self.logger.error('Exception on %s [%s]' % (
-            request.path,
-            request.method
-        ), exc_info=exc_info)
-
-    def raise_routing_exception(self, request):
-        """Exceptions that are recording during routing are reraised with
-        this method.  During debug we are not reraising redirect requests
-        for non ``GET``, ``HEAD``, or ``OPTIONS`` requests and we're raising
-        a different error instead to help debug situations.
-
-        :internal:
-        """
-        if not self.debug \
-           or not isinstance(request.routing_exception, RequestRedirect) \
-           or request.method in ('GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS'):
-            raise request.routing_exception
-
-        from .debughelpers import FormDataRoutingRedirect
-        raise FormDataRoutingRedirect(request)
-
-    def dispatch_request(self):
-        """Does the request dispatching.  Matches the URL and returns the
-        return value of the view or error handler.  This does not have to
-        be a response object.  In order to convert the return value to a
-        proper response object, call :func:`make_response`.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
-           This no longer does the exception handling, this code was
-           moved to the new :meth:`full_dispatch_request`.
-        """
-        req = _request_ctx_stack.top.request
-        if req.routing_exception is not None:
-            self.raise_routing_exception(req)
-        rule = req.url_rule
-        # if we provide automatic options for this URL and the
-        # request came with the OPTIONS method, reply automatically
-        if getattr(rule, 'provide_automatic_options', False) \
-           and req.method == 'OPTIONS':
-            return self.make_default_options_response()
-        # otherwise dispatch to the handler for that endpoint
-        return self.view_functions[rule.endpoint](**req.view_args)
-
-    def full_dispatch_request(self):
-        """Dispatches the request and on top of that performs request
-        pre and postprocessing as well as HTTP exception catching and
-        error handling.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        self.try_trigger_before_first_request_functions()
-        try:
-            request_started.send(self)
-            rv = self.preprocess_request()
-            if rv is None:
-                rv = self.dispatch_request()
-        except Exception as e:
-            rv = self.handle_user_exception(e)
-        return self.finalize_request(rv)
-
-    def finalize_request(self, rv, from_error_handler=False):
-        """Given the return value from a view function this finalizes
-        the request by converting it into a response and invoking the
-        postprocessing functions.  This is invoked for both normal
-        request dispatching as well as error handlers.
-
-        Because this means that it might be called as a result of a
-        failure a special safe mode is available which can be enabled
-        with the `from_error_handler` flag.  If enabled, failures in
-        response processing will be logged and otherwise ignored.
-
-        :internal:
-        """
-        response = self.make_response(rv)
-        try:
-            response = self.process_response(response)
-            request_finished.send(self, response=response)
-        except Exception:
-            if not from_error_handler:
-                raise
-            self.logger.exception('Request finalizing failed with an '
-                                  'error while handling an error')
-        return response
-
-    def try_trigger_before_first_request_functions(self):
-        """Called before each request and will ensure that it triggers
-        the :attr:`before_first_request_funcs` and only exactly once per
-        application instance (which means process usually).
-
-        :internal:
-        """
-        if self._got_first_request:
-            return
-        with self._before_request_lock:
-            if self._got_first_request:
-                return
-            for func in self.before_first_request_funcs:
-                func()
-            self._got_first_request = True
-
-    def make_default_options_response(self):
-        """This method is called to create the default ``OPTIONS`` response.
-        This can be changed through subclassing to change the default
-        behavior of ``OPTIONS`` responses.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        adapter = _request_ctx_stack.top.url_adapter
-        if hasattr(adapter, 'allowed_methods'):
-            methods = adapter.allowed_methods()
-        else:
-            # fallback for Werkzeug < 0.7
-            methods = []
-            try:
-                adapter.match(method='--')
-            except MethodNotAllowed as e:
-                methods = e.valid_methods
-            except HTTPException as e:
-                pass
-        rv = self.response_class()
-        rv.allow.update(methods)
-        return rv
-
-    def should_ignore_error(self, error):
-        """This is called to figure out if an error should be ignored
-        or not as far as the teardown system is concerned.  If this
-        function returns ``True`` then the teardown handlers will not be
-        passed the error.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.10
-        """
-        return False
-
-    def make_response(self, rv):
-        """Convert the return value from a view function to an instance of
-        :attr:`response_class`.
-
-        :param rv: the return value from the view function. The view function
-            must return a response. Returning ``None``, or the view ending
-            without returning, is not allowed. The following types are allowed
-            for ``view_rv``:
-
-            ``str`` (``unicode`` in Python 2)
-                A response object is created with the string encoded to UTF-8
-                as the body.
-
-            ``bytes`` (``str`` in Python 2)
-                A response object is created with the bytes as the body.
-
-            ``tuple``
-                Either ``(body, status, headers)``, ``(body, status)``, or
-                ``(body, headers)``, where ``body`` is any of the other types
-                allowed here, ``status`` is a string or an integer, and
-                ``headers`` is a dictionary or a list of ``(key, value)``
-                tuples. If ``body`` is a :attr:`response_class` instance,
-                ``status`` overwrites the exiting value and ``headers`` are
-                extended.
-
-            :attr:`response_class`
-                The object is returned unchanged.
-
-            other :class:`~werkzeug.wrappers.Response` class
-                The object is coerced to :attr:`response_class`.
-
-            :func:`callable`
-                The function is called as a WSGI application. The result is
-                used to create a response object.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
-           Previously a tuple was interpreted as the arguments for the
-           response object.
-        """
-
-        status = headers = None
-
-        # unpack tuple returns
-        if isinstance(rv, tuple):
-            len_rv = len(rv)
-
-            # a 3-tuple is unpacked directly
-            if len_rv == 3:
-                rv, status, headers = rv
-            # decide if a 2-tuple has status or headers
-            elif len_rv == 2:
-                if isinstance(rv[1], (Headers, dict, tuple, list)):
-                    rv, headers = rv
-                else:
-                    rv, status = rv
-            # other sized tuples are not allowed
-            else:
-                raise TypeError(
-                    'The view function did not return a valid response tuple.'
-                    ' The tuple must have the form (body, status, headers),'
-                    ' (body, status), or (body, headers).'
-                )
-
-        # the body must not be None
-        if rv is None:
-            raise TypeError(
-                'The view function did not return a valid response. The'
-                ' function either returned None or ended without a return'
-                ' statement.'
-            )
-
-        # make sure the body is an instance of the response class
-        if not isinstance(rv, self.response_class):
-            if isinstance(rv, (text_type, bytes, bytearray)):
-                # let the response class set the status and headers instead of
-                # waiting to do it manually, so that the class can handle any
-                # special logic
-                rv = self.response_class(rv, status=status, headers=headers)
-                status = headers = None
-            else:
-                # evaluate a WSGI callable, or coerce a different response
-                # class to the correct type
-                try:
-                    rv = self.response_class.force_type(rv, request.environ)
-                except TypeError as e:
-                    new_error = TypeError(
-                        '{e}\nThe view function did not return a valid'
-                        ' response. The return type must be a string, tuple,'
-                        ' Response instance, or WSGI callable, but it was a'
-                        ' {rv.__class__.__name__}.'.format(e=e, rv=rv)
-                    )
-                    reraise(TypeError, new_error, sys.exc_info()[2])
-
-        # prefer the status if it was provided
-        if status is not None:
-            if isinstance(status, (text_type, bytes, bytearray)):
-                rv.status = status
-            else:
-                rv.status_code = status
-
-        # extend existing headers with provided headers
-        if headers:
-            rv.headers.extend(headers)
-
-        return rv
-
-    def create_url_adapter(self, request):
-        """Creates a URL adapter for the given request. The URL adapter
-        is created at a point where the request context is not yet set
-        up so the request is passed explicitly.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.6
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
-           This can now also be called without a request object when the
-           URL adapter is created for the application context.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 1.0
-            :data:`SERVER_NAME` no longer implicitly enables subdomain
-            matching. Use :attr:`subdomain_matching` instead.
-        """
-        if request is not None:
-            # If subdomain matching is disabled (the default), use the
-            # default subdomain in all cases. This should be the default
-            # in Werkzeug but it currently does not have that feature.
-            subdomain = ((self.url_map.default_subdomain or None)
-                         if not self.subdomain_matching else None)
-            return self.url_map.bind_to_environ(
-                request.environ,
-                server_name=self.config['SERVER_NAME'],
-                subdomain=subdomain)
-        # We need at the very least the server name to be set for this
-        # to work.
-        if self.config['SERVER_NAME'] is not None:
-            return self.url_map.bind(
-                self.config['SERVER_NAME'],
-                script_name=self.config['APPLICATION_ROOT'],
-                url_scheme=self.config['PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME'])
-
-    def inject_url_defaults(self, endpoint, values):
-        """Injects the URL defaults for the given endpoint directly into
-        the values dictionary passed.  This is used internally and
-        automatically called on URL building.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.7
-        """
-        funcs = self.url_default_functions.get(None, ())
-        if '.' in endpoint:
-            bp = endpoint.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
-            funcs = chain(funcs, self.url_default_functions.get(bp, ()))
-        for func in funcs:
-            func(endpoint, values)
-
-    def handle_url_build_error(self, error, endpoint, values):
-        """Handle :class:`~werkzeug.routing.BuildError` on :meth:`url_for`.
-        """
-        exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
-        for handler in self.url_build_error_handlers:
-            try:
-                rv = handler(error, endpoint, values)
-                if rv is not None:
-                    return rv
-            except BuildError as e:
-                # make error available outside except block (py3)
-                error = e
-
-        # At this point we want to reraise the exception.  If the error is
-        # still the same one we can reraise it with the original traceback,
-        # otherwise we raise it from here.
-        if error is exc_value:
-            reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
-        raise error
-
-    def preprocess_request(self):
-        """Called before the request is dispatched. Calls
-        :attr:`url_value_preprocessors` registered with the app and the
-        current blueprint (if any). Then calls :attr:`before_request_funcs`
-        registered with the app and the blueprint.
-
-        If any :meth:`before_request` handler returns a non-None value, the
-        value is handled as if it was the return value from the view, and
-        further request handling is stopped.
-        """
-
-        bp = _request_ctx_stack.top.request.blueprint
-
-        funcs = self.url_value_preprocessors.get(None, ())
-        if bp is not None and bp in self.url_value_preprocessors:
-            funcs = chain(funcs, self.url_value_preprocessors[bp])
-        for func in funcs:
-            func(request.endpoint, request.view_args)
-
-        funcs = self.before_request_funcs.get(None, ())
-        if bp is not None and bp in self.before_request_funcs:
-            funcs = chain(funcs, self.before_request_funcs[bp])
-        for func in funcs:
-            rv = func()
-            if rv is not None:
-                return rv
-
-    def process_response(self, response):
-        """Can be overridden in order to modify the response object
-        before it's sent to the WSGI server.  By default this will
-        call all the :meth:`after_request` decorated functions.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.5
-           As of Flask 0.5 the functions registered for after request
-           execution are called in reverse order of registration.
-
-        :param response: a :attr:`response_class` object.
-        :return: a new response object or the same, has to be an
-                 instance of :attr:`response_class`.
-        """
-        ctx = _request_ctx_stack.top
-        bp = ctx.request.blueprint
-        funcs = ctx._after_request_functions
-        if bp is not None and bp in self.after_request_funcs:
-            funcs = chain(funcs, reversed(self.after_request_funcs[bp]))
-        if None in self.after_request_funcs:
-            funcs = chain(funcs, reversed(self.after_request_funcs[None]))
-        for handler in funcs:
-            response = handler(response)
-        if not self.session_interface.is_null_session(ctx.session):
-            self.session_interface.save_session(self, ctx.session, response)
-        return response
-
-    def do_teardown_request(self, exc=_sentinel):
-        """Called after the request is dispatched and the response is
-        returned, right before the request context is popped.
-
-        This calls all functions decorated with
-        :meth:`teardown_request`, and :meth:`Blueprint.teardown_request`
-        if a blueprint handled the request. Finally, the
-        :data:`request_tearing_down` signal is sent.
-
-        This is called by
-        :meth:`RequestContext.pop() <flask.ctx.RequestContext.pop>`,
-        which may be delayed during testing to maintain access to
-        resources.
-
-        :param exc: An unhandled exception raised while dispatching the
-            request. Detected from the current exception information if
-            not passed. Passed to each teardown function.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.9
-            Added the ``exc`` argument.
-        """
-        if exc is _sentinel:
-            exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
-        funcs = reversed(self.teardown_request_funcs.get(None, ()))
-        bp = _request_ctx_stack.top.request.blueprint
-        if bp is not None and bp in self.teardown_request_funcs:
-            funcs = chain(funcs, reversed(self.teardown_request_funcs[bp]))
-        for func in funcs:
-            func(exc)
-        request_tearing_down.send(self, exc=exc)
-
-    def do_teardown_appcontext(self, exc=_sentinel):
-        """Called right before the application context is popped.
-
-        When handling a request, the application context is popped
-        after the request context. See :meth:`do_teardown_request`.
-
-        This calls all functions decorated with
-        :meth:`teardown_appcontext`. Then the
-        :data:`appcontext_tearing_down` signal is sent.
-
-        This is called by
-        :meth:`AppContext.pop() <flask.ctx.AppContext.pop>`.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.9
-        """
-        if exc is _sentinel:
-            exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
-        for func in reversed(self.teardown_appcontext_funcs):
-            func(exc)
-        appcontext_tearing_down.send(self, exc=exc)
-
-    def app_context(self):
-        """Create an :class:`~flask.ctx.AppContext`. Use as a ``with``
-        block to push the context, which will make :data:`current_app`
-        point at this application.
-
-        An application context is automatically pushed by
-        :meth:`RequestContext.push() <flask.ctx.RequestContext.push>`
-        when handling a request, and when running a CLI command. Use
-        this to manually create a context outside of these situations.
-
-        ::
-
-            with app.app_context():
-                init_db()
-
-        See :doc:`/appcontext`.
-
-        .. versionadded:: 0.9
-        """
-        return AppContext(self)
-
-    def request_context(self, environ):
-        """Create a :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext` representing a
-        WSGI environment. Use a ``with`` block to push the context,
-        which will make :data:`request` point at this request.
-
-        See :doc:`/reqcontext`.
-
-        Typically you should not call this from your own code. A request
-        context is automatically pushed by the :meth:`wsgi_app` when
-        handling a request. Use :meth:`test_request_context` to create
-        an environment and context instead of this method.
-
-        :param environ: a WSGI environment
-        """
-        return RequestContext(self, environ)
-
-    def test_request_context(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        """Create a :class:`~flask.ctx.RequestContext` for a WSGI
-        environment created from the given values. This is mostly useful
-        during testing, where you may want to run a function that uses
-        request data without dispatching a full request.
-
-        See :doc:`/reqcontext`.
-
-        Use a ``with`` block to push the context, which will make
-        :data:`request` point at the request for the created
-        environment. ::
-
-            with test_request_context(...):
-                generate_report()
-
-        When using the shell, it may be easier to push and pop the
-        context manually to avoid indentation. ::
-
-            ctx = app.test_request_context(...)
-            ctx.push()
-            ...
-            ctx.pop()
-
-        Takes the same arguments as Werkzeug's
-        :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`, with some defaults from
-        the application. See the linked Werkzeug docs for most of the
-        available arguments. Flask-specific behavior is listed here.
-
-        :param path: URL path being requested.
-        :param base_url: Base URL where the app is being served, which
-            ``path`` is relative to. If not given, built from
-            :data:`PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME`, ``subdomain``,
-            :data:`SERVER_NAME`, and :data:`APPLICATION_ROOT`.
-        :param subdomain: Subdomain name to append to
-            :data:`SERVER_NAME`.
-        :param url_scheme: Scheme to use instead of
-            :data:`PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME`.
-        :param data: The request body, either as a string or a dict of
-            form keys and values.
-        :param json: If given, this is serialized as JSON and passed as
-            ``data``. Also defaults ``content_type`` to
-            ``application/json``.
-        :param args: other positional arguments passed to
-            :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.
-        :param kwargs: other keyword arguments passed to
-            :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.
-        """
-        from flask.testing import make_test_environ_builder
-
-        builder = make_test_environ_builder(self, *args, **kwargs)
-
-        try:
-            return self.request_context(builder.get_environ())
-        finally:
-            builder.close()
-
-    def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
-        """The actual WSGI application. This is not implemented in
-        :meth:`__call__` so that middlewares can be applied without
-        losing a reference to the app object. Instead of doing this::
-
-            app = MyMiddleware(app)
-
-        It's a better idea to do this instead::
-
-            app.wsgi_app = MyMiddleware(app.wsgi_app)
-
-        Then you still have the original application object around and
-        can continue to call methods on it.
-
-        .. versionchanged:: 0.7
-            Teardown events for the request and app contexts are called
-            even if an unhandled error occurs. Other events may not be
-            called depending on when an error occurs during dispatch.
-            See :ref:`callbacks-and-errors`.
-
-        :param environ: A WSGI environment.
-        :param start_response: A callable accepting a status code,
-            a list of headers, and an optional exception context to
-            start the response.
-        """
-        ctx = self.request_context(environ)
-        error = None
-        try:
-            try:
-                ctx.push()
-                response = self.full_dispatch_request()
-            except Exception as e:
-                error = e
-                response = self.handle_exception(e)
-            except:
-                error = sys.exc_info()[1]
-                raise
-            return response(environ, start_response)
-        finally:
-            if self.should_ignore_error(error):
-                error = None
-            ctx.auto_pop(error)
-
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
-        """The WSGI server calls the Flask application object as the
-        WSGI application. This calls :meth:`wsgi_app` which can be
-        wrapped to applying middleware."""
-        return self.wsgi_app(environ, start_response)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s %r>' % (
-            self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.name,
-        )