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| author | Jesús <heckyel@hyperbola.info> | 2019-04-08 21:32:21 -0500 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Jesús <heckyel@hyperbola.info> | 2019-04-08 21:32:21 -0500 |
| commit | 333dfd6f52f92a88264310710c95330ddce82e71 (patch) | |
| tree | cd8ad7746aadcec461ebd38edd0ede104f578c69 /content/wp-content | |
| download | libretube-333dfd6f52f92a88264310710c95330ddce82e71.tar.lz libretube-333dfd6f52f92a88264310710c95330ddce82e71.tar.xz libretube-333dfd6f52f92a88264310710c95330ddce82e71.zip | |
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b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/poster/2019/03/titulos-html5.jpg diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0003-sintaxis-html5-es.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0003-sintaxis-html5-es.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9fabb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0003-sintaxis-html5-es.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,590 @@ +WEBVTT + +1 +00:00:05.580 --> 00:00:06.880 +En el vídeo anterior + +2 +00:00:07.660 --> 00:00:08.820 +logramos entender + +3 +00:00:08.940 --> 00:00:14.880 +como funcionan la etiquetas de HTML5, las etiquetas obsoletas, las nuevas etiquetas + +4 +00:00:16.500 --> 00:00:18.380 +y ahora pues vamos a + +5 +00:00:18.380 --> 00:00:20.380 +escribir el código + +6 +00:00:21.120 --> 00:00:22.700 +para poder generar + +7 +00:00:22.820 --> 00:00:24.060 +cualquier página web + +8 +00:00:25.400 --> 00:00:27.780 +vamos abrir el editor de código + +9 +00:00:27.780 --> 00:00:29.780 +voy a... + +10 +00:00:30.080 --> 00:00:32.620 +colocar aquí el localhost + +11 +00:00:33.420 --> 00:00:37.840 +localhost + +12 +00:00:43.280 --> 00:00:46.100 +y voy a entrar dentro del directorio course + +13 +00:00:46.560 --> 00:00:51.540 +todavía no hay nada, porque todavía no he escrito nada + +14 +00:00:52.700 --> 00:00:54.300 +vamos a ir... + +15 +00:00:54.300 --> 00:00:58.600 +al editor de código, yo utilizaré Emacs + +16 +00:01:01.300 --> 00:01:02.480 +ahí está + +17 +00:01:05.520 --> 00:01:08.500 +voy a borrar, esta parte + +18 +00:01:10.280 --> 00:01:15.820 +voy a minimizar también esto, ahí está!, voy a agrandar el texto + +19 +00:01:16.980 --> 00:01:18.120 +ahí está + +20 +00:01:20.980 --> 00:01:24.860 +bien primero podríamos... + +21 +00:01:27.460 --> 00:01:30.400 +escribir la etiqueta <!doctype> + +22 +00:01:32.840 --> 00:01:36.340 +ahora también se acostumbra también a escribir en minúscula + +23 +00:01:40.320 --> 00:01:41.860 +que sería de esa forma + +24 +00:01:42.340 --> 00:01:45.740 +<!doctype html> etiqueta <html> + +25 +00:01:46.540 --> 00:01:49.360 +y etiqueta </html> que cierra + +26 +00:01:49.360 --> 00:01:51.360 +de esta forma + +27 +00:01:52.500 --> 00:01:53.340 +como véis + +28 +00:01:54.020 --> 00:01:56.380 +Emacs no me ha coloreado + +29 +00:01:56.560 --> 00:02:00.460 +No me ha coloreado la parte de la sintaxis + +30 +00:02:00.460 --> 00:02:02.460 +eso es porque estoy en mode-lisp + +31 +00:02:03.240 --> 00:02:05.180 +los que usáis Emacs ya me entenderéis + +32 +00:02:05.860 --> 00:02:08.940 +Si utilizáis otro editor pues automaticamente + +33 +00:02:10.320 --> 00:02:13.080 +les va a detectar la sintaxis + +34 +00:02:13.360 --> 00:02:14.800 +voy a utilizar el web-mode + +35 +00:02:15.720 --> 00:02:17.760 +y aquí como podéis observar + +36 +00:02:17.760 --> 00:02:19.760 +tenemos + +37 +00:02:20.560 --> 00:02:22.100 +ya la estructura básica + +38 +00:02:22.780 --> 00:02:24.740 +<!doctype html> + +39 +00:02:25.060 --> 00:02:27.880 +etiqueta <html> + +40 +00:02:27.880 --> 00:02:29.880 +siempre tiene que llevar + +41 +00:02:30.040 --> 00:02:36.680 +un atributo que es el artributo lenguaje, y dentro pues colocar + +42 +00:02:36.920 --> 00:02:40.300 +el idioma, en esta caso Español-España (es-es) + +43 +00:02:40.680 --> 00:02:43.800 +también podría ser inglés: en + +44 +00:02:44.860 --> 00:02:47.200 +podría ser portugués: pt_BR + +45 +00:02:48.780 --> 00:02:51.440 +cualquier tipo de idioma: zxy + +46 +00:02:53.220 --> 00:02:59.060 +En este caso voy a poner español-españa, y dentro de la etiqueta <html> + +47 +00:02:59.780 --> 00:03:03.640 +siempre va un <head> + +48 +00:03:04.460 --> 00:03:07.840 +un <head> que abre un </head> que cierra + +49 +00:03:09.500 --> 00:03:17.480 +aquí van todas las etiquetas que describen a la página, el título, los metadata, todo eso va ahí + +50 +00:03:17.780 --> 00:03:20.980 +y luego tenemos la etiqueta + +51 +00:03:21.540 --> 00:03:23.580 +<body> + +52 +00:03:25.760 --> 00:03:28.420 +que también tiene su contraparte + +53 +00:03:30.160 --> 00:03:34.320 +¿qué va dentro de la etiqueta <head>? + +54 +00:03:35.660 --> 00:03:37.300 +ahí vamos a colocar + +55 +00:03:38.160 --> 00:03:43.820 +toda la información, el titulo, la información, toda esa información se va a colocar allí + +56 +00:03:44.460 --> 00:03:46.740 +y aquí en la etiqueta <body> + +57 +00:03:46.840 --> 00:03:50.120 +se va a colocar la información + +58 +00:03:50.120 --> 00:03:52.120 +que se le va a mostrar al usuario + +59 +00:03:52.120 --> 00:03:54.120 +por ejemplo + +60 +00:03:54.500 --> 00:03:57.140 +vamos a regresar a conocimientos libres + +61 +00:03:59.280 --> 00:04:00.720 +ah... vamos a ver... + +62 +00:04:01.280 --> 00:04:02.940 +la parte interna + +63 +00:04:02.940 --> 00:04:04.940 +aquí lo tenemos + +64 +00:04:05.020 --> 00:04:07.620 +en body, en <body> + +65 +00:04:08.100 --> 00:04:12.040 +tenemos que colocar todo lo que se le va a mostrar al usuario + +66 +00:04:12.280 --> 00:04:15.200 +la cabecera, el área de navegación + +67 +00:04:15.920 --> 00:04:19.220 +parte de los artículos, la figuritas + +68 +00:04:19.500 --> 00:04:27.140 +toda esa información, va dentro de la etiqueta <body>, todo va dentro de la etiqueta <body> + +69 +00:04:27.300 --> 00:04:31.480 +todo esto que véis aquí esta dentro de la etiqueta <body> + +70 +00:04:31.660 --> 00:04:41.040 +lo que esta dentro de la etiqueta <head>, es esta parte, lo que se encuentra arriba, donde dice conocimientos libres y hay un logito + +71 +00:04:41.760 --> 00:04:47.200 +eso va dentro de la etiqueta <head>, ahí va + +72 +00:04:48.400 --> 00:04:55.300 +no confundáis <head> con esta otra etiqueta que es <header> + +73 +00:04:59.520 --> 00:05:02.700 +son palabras similares pero diferentes + +74 +00:05:04.840 --> 00:05:06.780 +pueden ser dos + +75 +00:05:06.780 --> 00:05:08.780 +pueden haber dos etiquetas <header> + +76 +00:05:09.080 --> 00:05:13.980 +he visto sitios donde tienen más de un cabecera + +77 +00:05:15.820 --> 00:05:22.420 +bien primero vamos a completar la parte del <head> + +78 +00:05:22.600 --> 00:05:25.480 +en donde esta la información, esto vamos a ponerlo debajo + +79 +00:05:25.480 --> 00:05:27.480 +y aquí vamos a colocar + +80 +00:05:27.800 --> 00:05:29.780 +al igual como + +81 +00:05:29.780 --> 00:05:31.780 +aquí en conocimientos libres + +82 +00:05:31.980 --> 00:05:36.480 +vamos a poner una etiqueta bastante sencilla que... + +83 +00:05:37.300 --> 00:05:42.700 +...que es la etiqueta <title> vamos a colocar allí la etiqueta <title> + +84 +00:05:44.540 --> 00:05:48.600 +ahí esta la etiquet <title>!, dentro de la etiqueta <title> + +85 +00:05:48.600 --> 00:05:50.320 +vamos a... + +86 +00:05:50.320 --> 00:05:52.320 +poner el título + +87 +00:05:52.620 --> 00:06:03.040 +En este caso vamos a poner aquí: mi primera web en HTML5 + +88 +00:06:03.040 --> 00:06:05.040 +correcto! + +89 +00:06:06.700 --> 00:06:09.440 +bien, aún... + +90 +00:06:09.720 --> 00:06:12.840 +parece algo simple esto + +91 +00:06:12.840 --> 00:06:15.320 +vamos a guardarlo para ver si funciona. + +92 +00:06:15.320 --> 00:06:17.320 +voy a guardarlo + +93 +00:06:18.420 --> 00:06:27.720 +aquí, ya es cuestión de qué editor utilizáis yo aquí utilizó Emacs, simplemente hice C-x C-s + +94 +00:06:28.140 --> 00:06:31.000 +y ahora voy a guardarlo dentro del directorio "srv" + +95 +00:06:31.000 --> 00:06:33.000 +.../http/... + +96 +00:06:33.480 --> 00:06:38.180 +y voy a entrar a course, y lo voy a guardar con el nombre + +97 +00:06:39.240 --> 00:06:41.300 +para esta parte + +98 +00:06:41.740 --> 00:06:43.920 +de manera predeterminada + +99 +00:06:44.120 --> 00:06:47.840 +el nombre que va llevar el archivo HTML + +100 +00:06:47.840 --> 00:06:50.960 +por defecto debería de ser index + +101 +00:06:50.960 --> 00:06:55.400 +debería ser index.html + +102 +00:06:56.460 --> 00:06:58.000 +¿por qué index? + +103 +00:06:58.260 --> 00:06:59.260 +porque... + +104 +00:06:59.260 --> 00:07:00.720 +este nombre + +105 +00:07:00.720 --> 00:07:02.220 +el nombre index + +106 +00:07:02.220 --> 00:07:05.340 +es el que los servidores web + +107 +00:07:06.020 --> 00:07:09.340 +como por ejemplo: el apache, el nginx + +108 +00:07:09.560 --> 00:07:12.160 +va a buscar en cada directorio + +109 +00:07:12.400 --> 00:07:18.180 +sino encuentra el archivo llamado index.html o index.php + +110 +00:07:19.100 --> 00:07:20.600 +sino los encuentra + +111 +00:07:21.300 --> 00:07:23.880 +pues lo que va hacer es... + +112 +00:07:24.240 --> 00:07:27.980 +mostrar la jerarquía de los archivos que están dentro + +113 +00:07:28.600 --> 00:07:31.400 +por ejemplo vamos a colocar ahora. + +114 +00:07:33.220 --> 00:07:35.660 +vamos hacer esto + +115 +00:07:35.660 --> 00:07:37.660 +demo.html + +116 +00:07:37.660 --> 00:07:39.660 +supongamos que es así + +117 +00:07:40.720 --> 00:07:44.720 +que no le pusimos index y le pusimos demo.html + +118 +00:07:46.520 --> 00:07:49.440 +aparentemente no pasó nada, simplemente se guardó + +119 +00:07:50.100 --> 00:07:52.260 +y ahora vamos a ir al navegador + +120 +00:07:53.440 --> 00:07:54.740 +al localhost + +121 +00:07:54.740 --> 00:07:56.440 +actualizamos + +122 +00:07:56.440 --> 00:08:00.000 +y vemos el archivo demo.html + +123 +00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:01.280 +vamos a + +124 +00:08:01.280 --> 00:08:02.540 +colocar ahí + +125 +00:08:02.540 --> 00:08:04.540 +no se ve nada + +126 +00:08:04.540 --> 00:08:08.160 +porque no hemos escrito nada en el <body>, solamente en el <head> + +127 +00:08:08.160 --> 00:08:10.160 +y si os fijáis + +128 +00:08:23.140 --> 00:08:25.320 +en esta parte + +129 +00:08:25.320 --> 00:08:30.780 +pueden ver que dice «Mi primera web en HTML5» es bastante genial esto + +130 +00:08:30.780 --> 00:08:32.780 +ahora + +131 +00:08:34.420 --> 00:08:44.100 +para que veáis ese problema, hemos tenido que entrar dentro del archivo demo.html, no se ha mostrado automáticamente + +132 +00:08:44.400 --> 00:08:46.540 +es decir no hemos recargado esto + +133 +00:08:47.520 --> 00:08:53.900 +aparecido automáticamente la página, sino que hemos tenido que entrar dentro del archivo demo.html + +134 +00:08:54.780 --> 00:09:00.200 +que pasaría si a este archivo demo.html le cambio de nombre + +135 +00:09:01.760 --> 00:09:02.920 +por ejemplo + +136 +00:09:04.220 --> 00:09:06.900 +ahora ya no se va llamar así, sino se va a llamar + +137 +00:09:10.580 --> 00:09:13.180 +se va a llamar ahora pues... + +138 +00:09:14.220 --> 00:09:17.080 +index.html ¿cómo hago eso? + +139 +00:09:17.300 --> 00:09:18.460 +muy sencillo + +140 +00:09:18.900 --> 00:09:20.400 +yo por acá tengo + +141 +00:09:20.840 --> 00:09:22.660 +el directorio de course + +142 +00:09:22.980 --> 00:09:23.880 +aquí está! + +143 +00:09:24.460 --> 00:09:26.680 +he voy a cambiarle de nombre + +144 +00:09:26.680 --> 00:09:29.180 +a index.html + +145 +00:09:30.260 --> 00:09:33.520 +y automáticamente al actualizar me va ha cargar + +146 +00:09:33.880 --> 00:09:37.800 +me va ha cargar el archivo index.html + +147 +00:09:40.040 --> 00:09:44.180 +bien!, nos vemos en el siguiente vídeo para continuar avanzando + diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0004-codificacion-es.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0004-codificacion-es.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3d9d90 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0004-codificacion-es.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,1157 @@ +WEBVTT + +1 +00:00:01.120 --> 00:00:02.120 +bueno! + +2 +00:00:06.600 --> 00:00:11.900 +quitaré h1 si es que la w3C dice que la etiqueta title + +3 +00:00:12.880 --> 00:00:13.980 +la etiqueta title + +4 +00:00:13.980 --> 00:00:16.700 +tiene más relevancia que la etiqueta h1 + +5 +00:00:16.700 --> 00:00:19.000 +por mientras entonces, por ahora + +6 +00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:22.560 +es válido utilizar la etiqueta h1 + +7 +00:00:22.760 --> 00:00:25.800 +pero si en determinado caso la w3c decide + +8 +00:00:25.960 --> 00:00:28.760 +que esta etiqueta h1 es lo mismo que poner title + +9 +00:00:29.120 --> 00:00:30.120 +dentro del head + +10 +00:00:30.380 --> 00:00:31.240 +pues + +11 +00:00:31.520 --> 00:00:35.140 +se empezaría ya a utilizar la etiqueta h2 + +12 +00:00:38.020 --> 00:00:40.280 +bien vamos a + +13 +00:00:40.280 --> 00:00:41.760 +seguir + +14 +00:00:42.280 --> 00:00:44.280 +en la parte html + +15 +00:00:45.060 --> 00:00:49.580 +vamos a ver que aquí pues ya sigue apareciendo lo mismo + +16 +00:00:50.720 --> 00:00:52.000 +vamos a ver + +17 +00:00:52.700 --> 00:00:54.500 +una etiqueta + +18 +00:00:55.280 --> 00:00:57.320 +más importante que es para el head + +19 +00:00:57.320 --> 00:00:59.320 +que es la etiqueta + +20 +00:00:59.940 --> 00:01:00.860 +meta> + +21 +00:01:01.220 --> 00:01:04.640 +la etiqueta meta es importante para el head + +22 +00:01:04.980 --> 00:01:05.900 +¿por qué? + +23 +00:01:06.220 --> 00:01:09.700 +porque qué pasaría si aquí yo le pongo por ejemplo + +24 +00:01:10.780 --> 00:01:12.560 +carácteres especiales + +25 +00:01:13.440 --> 00:01:14.480 +eñes + +26 +00:01:14.480 --> 00:01:16.480 +tíldes + +27 +00:01:17.720 --> 00:01:19.820 +a ver... ahí esta! Tíldes + +28 +00:01:23.300 --> 00:01:25.540 +por ejemplo de esa forma: «Ñú» + +29 +00:01:27.940 --> 00:01:30.600 +qué pasa si es que guardo así como está + +30 +00:01:31.520 --> 00:01:35.180 +así como esta sin ponerle ninguna etiqueta meta> + +31 +00:01:35.180 --> 00:01:37.840 +porque dentro de la etiqueta meta hay una propiedad + +32 +00:01:37.840 --> 00:01:39.840 +que es el meta charset="UTF-8" + +33 +00:01:39.840 --> 00:01:41.840 +charset se conoce como charset + +34 +00:01:42.060 --> 00:01:45.020 +que la codificación de las palabras + +35 +00:01:45.500 --> 00:01:48.220 +qué pasaría si es que yo no coloco esto dentro del head + +36 +00:01:49.200 --> 00:01:54.800 +bueno tengo aquí el atributo lang que me indica que es español-españa, pero no me esta diciendo nada + +37 +00:01:55.020 --> 00:01:57.440 +si nosotros nos vamos al navegador + +38 +00:02:01.040 --> 00:02:05.240 +por defecto el navegador pues... a mi me coloca + +39 +00:02:05.520 --> 00:02:09.260 +la Ñ, me pone aquí la Ñ + +40 +00:02:09.380 --> 00:02:11.900 +pero eso no ocurren en todos los navegadores + +41 +00:02:11.900 --> 00:02:13.900 +eso no ocurre en todos los navegadores + +42 +00:02:16.620 --> 00:02:18.740 +esto es porque mi servidor + +43 +00:02:18.840 --> 00:02:20.160 +mi servidor + +44 +00:02:20.160 --> 00:02:22.160 +que es nginx + +45 +00:02:23.680 --> 00:02:25.680 +tiene la configuración de + +46 +00:02:25.680 --> 00:02:27.680 +UTF-8 por defecto + +47 +00:02:27.680 --> 00:02:30.700 +si no tuviese esa configuración utf... + +48 +00:02:30.860 --> 00:02:33.140 +perdón UTF-8 por defecto + +49 +00:02:33.140 --> 00:02:34.540 +lo que haría + +50 +00:02:34.540 --> 00:02:39.520 +sería mostrarme carácteres extraños en el body + +51 +00:02:39.880 --> 00:02:41.840 +por ejemplo, voy a... + +52 +00:02:41.840 --> 00:02:43.840 +ir a la parte de + +53 +00:02:44.920 --> 00:02:46.660 +del terminal + +54 +00:02:50.600 --> 00:02:57.680 +aqui voy a mirar un ratito la configuración de nginx + +55 +00:03:04.940 --> 00:03:07.100 +y si observáis + +56 +00:03:09.300 --> 00:03:10.840 +a ver + +57 +00:03:14.920 --> 00:03:15.980 +aquí está! + +58 +00:03:16.740 --> 00:03:19.680 +voy a bajarle un poquito + +59 +00:03:20.300 --> 00:03:21.600 +el zoom + +60 +00:03:24.260 --> 00:03:26.960 +ven aquí está: cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf + +61 +00:03:28.720 --> 00:03:31.980 +y en la parte de aquí, ahí está! + +62 +00:03:32.340 --> 00:03:33.700 +yo le he puesto + +63 +00:03:33.700 --> 00:03:37.220 +que sea charset="UTF-8" por defecto + +64 +00:03:37.220 --> 00:03:40.600 +pero eso yo lo he puesto dentro del servidor nginx + +65 +00:03:41.440 --> 00:03:43.340 +pero no todos los servidores + +66 +00:03:43.340 --> 00:03:44.340 +tienen + +67 +00:03:45.380 --> 00:03:48.560 +el meta charset dentro de... + +68 +00:03:48.800 --> 00:03:53.600 +...su configuración, esto es porque yo he puesto el charset + +69 +00:03:53.760 --> 00:03:54.860 +...UTF-8 + +70 +00:03:54.860 --> 00:03:56.120 +entonces de esa forma + +71 +00:03:56.120 --> 00:03:58.520 +para mi en mi servidor + +72 +00:03:58.660 --> 00:04:00.380 +es irreleante + +73 +00:04:00.380 --> 00:04:01.860 +si yo pongo + +74 +00:04:01.860 --> 00:04:04.140 +el meta charset aquí + +75 +00:04:04.560 --> 00:04:05.520 +pero + +76 +00:04:05.520 --> 00:04:10.200 +lo recomendable es colocarlo, es decir decirle a la página web + +77 +00:04:10.520 --> 00:04:13.500 +en qué codificación está escrita + +78 +00:04:13.500 --> 00:04:15.500 +cómo se hace eso + +79 +00:04:15.500 --> 00:04:16.880 +muy sencillo + +80 +00:04:16.880 --> 00:04:19.560 +vamos a colocar aquí la etiqueta meta + +81 +00:04:19.560 --> 00:04:20.500 +que + +82 +00:04:20.500 --> 00:04:24.380 +que es una etiqueta que cierra a si misma + +83 +00:04:24.380 --> 00:04:26.600 +es decir no tienes que colocar + +84 +00:04:26.740 --> 00:04:29.620 +etiqueta meta que se cierra + +85 +00:04:31.020 --> 00:04:32.680 +simplemente colocáis ahí + +86 +00:04:33.380 --> 00:04:37.000 +en XML era necesario colocar la barrita + +87 +00:04:37.000 --> 00:04:39.000 +en HTML no es necesario + +88 +00:04:39.380 --> 00:04:41.980 +si queréis la colocáis sino no + +89 +00:04:42.460 --> 00:04:44.680 +correcto, ahora vamos a poner charset + +90 +00:04:44.680 --> 00:04:55.140 +meta charset="UTF-8" + +91 +00:04:55.440 --> 00:04:57.140 +de est forma + +92 +00:04:57.540 --> 00:04:59.280 +si es que el servidor + +93 +00:05:01.200 --> 00:05:02.360 +en este caso + +94 +00:05:02.360 --> 00:05:05.060 +si es que yo en mi servidor + +95 +00:05:05.300 --> 00:05:07.940 +no hubiese colocado + +96 +00:05:08.540 --> 00:05:10.260 +el atributo + +97 +00:05:10.260 --> 00:05:13.120 +charset UTF-8 + +98 +00:05:14.080 --> 00:05:16.440 +si yo no hubiese colocado esto + +99 +00:05:16.780 --> 00:05:18.740 +automáticamente + +100 +00:05:18.880 --> 00:05:20.540 +en la parte + +101 +00:05:20.540 --> 00:05:21.380 +y aquí + +102 +00:05:21.380 --> 00:05:23.480 +no aparecería + +103 +00:05:23.480 --> 00:05:25.480 +no aparecería la Ñ + +104 +00:05:25.840 --> 00:05:26.800 +ejemplo + +105 +00:05:27.760 --> 00:05:29.280 +ya que tengo el terminal aquí + +106 +00:05:29.280 --> 00:05:31.520 +y sé dónde está, voy a + +107 +00:05:31.520 --> 00:05:33.000 +comentar + +108 +00:05:34.020 --> 00:05:35.460 +voy a comentar + +109 +00:05:35.460 --> 00:05:36.780 +ese... + +110 +00:05:37.480 --> 00:05:40.380 +esa configuración del UTF-8 + +111 +00:05:41.600 --> 00:05:42.580 +voy a + +112 +00:05:43.260 --> 00:05:44.720 +voy a editarla + +113 +00:05:45.400 --> 00:05:47.780 +voy a comentarla ahorita para que... + +114 +00:05:47.780 --> 00:05:50.720 +me arroje el error que les estoy explicando + +115 +00:05:52.100 --> 00:05:54.940 +aquí está, charset + +116 +00:05:54.940 --> 00:05:57.380 +le pongo una almuadilla delante + +117 +00:06:00.300 --> 00:06:04.200 +y por supuesto reinicio el servidor nginx + +118 +00:06:11.140 --> 00:06:13.700 +ahí esta lo he reiniciado + +119 +00:06:14.220 --> 00:06:16.420 +ahora regresamos + +120 +00:06:17.220 --> 00:06:20.720 +así como esta configuración poniendole el meta charset + +121 +00:06:20.720 --> 00:06:21.740 +la Ñ + +122 +00:06:21.740 --> 00:06:23.740 +se va a mostrar correctamente + +123 +00:06:25.820 --> 00:06:28.260 +es decir no importa que haya desactivado yo... + +124 +00:06:28.260 --> 00:06:30.260 +el charset en mi servidor + +125 +00:06:30.260 --> 00:06:32.260 +se va a mostrar correctamente + +126 +00:06:34.580 --> 00:06:36.820 +si observáis actualizó + +127 +00:06:37.320 --> 00:06:40.020 +continúa estable + +128 +00:06:40.940 --> 00:06:45.940 +ahora que pasaría si es que yo le quito la etiqueta meta charset + +129 +00:06:46.840 --> 00:06:48.820 +yo le quito, yo le borro + +130 +00:06:51.040 --> 00:06:53.260 +ahi está ya le borré la etiqueta + +131 +00:06:54.680 --> 00:06:57.120 +entonces yo voy aquí al servidor + +132 +00:06:57.120 --> 00:06:59.120 +a la parte de la página + +133 +00:06:59.120 --> 00:07:03.560 +actualizo y automáticamente se arruina todo + +134 +00:07:04.260 --> 00:07:05.560 +aparecen + +135 +00:07:06.280 --> 00:07:08.000 +aparecen carácteres + +136 +00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:09.480 +que yo no coloqué + +137 +00:07:10.200 --> 00:07:14.080 +aparecen carácteres que yo no coloque + +138 +00:07:14.080 --> 00:07:16.080 +una barrita arriba + +139 +00:07:16.200 --> 00:07:20.840 +a por ejemplo, una parte de simbolo de grados + +140 +00:07:21.600 --> 00:07:24.100 +aparece lo que yo no deseo que aparezca + +141 +00:07:24.100 --> 00:07:25.240 +entonces + +142 +00:07:25.820 --> 00:07:27.700 +para corregir ese error + +143 +00:07:28.220 --> 00:07:33.820 +debemos colocar el meta charset="UTF-8" sí o sí + +144 +00:07:33.820 --> 00:07:35.820 +para evitar problemas + +145 +00:07:35.820 --> 00:07:41.120 +y ahora voy a regresar aquí a la parte de mi servidor lo voy a dejar normal como estaba + +146 +00:07:41.980 --> 00:07:42.680 +con + +147 +00:07:43.220 --> 00:07:44.440 +el UTF-8 + +148 +00:07:44.580 --> 00:07:46.860 +yo hago esto porque + +149 +00:07:48.240 --> 00:07:51.720 +mi servidor siempre yo lo tengo en UTF-8 + +150 +00:07:52.540 --> 00:07:53.280 +es por eso + +151 +00:07:53.540 --> 00:07:57.600 +vamos a reiniciarlo, ahí está!. bien! + +152 +00:07:58.440 --> 00:08:00.040 +esta etiqueta es importante + +153 +00:08:00.040 --> 00:08:02.880 +otra etiquet importante es el + +154 +00:08:04.500 --> 00:08:06.020 +también es un meta + +155 +00:08:07.880 --> 00:08:10.900 +que es el meta name viewport + +156 +00:08:11.340 --> 00:08:13.440 +name, atributo name + +157 +00:08:13.440 --> 00:08:15.440 +viewport + +158 +00:08:17.160 --> 00:08:21.620 +bueno y me dirán para que rayos es esto + +159 +00:08:21.620 --> 00:08:23.420 +el viewport + +160 +00:08:23.420 --> 00:08:25.780 +propiedad name con su... + +161 +00:08:28.740 --> 00:08:30.420 +con su atributo viewport + +162 +00:08:31.240 --> 00:08:33.080 +es + +163 +00:08:34.980 --> 00:08:37.220 +hacer que la página + +164 +00:08:38.540 --> 00:08:41.440 +pueda ser mostrada correctamente + +165 +00:08:41.780 --> 00:08:45.120 +en la pantallas pequeñas como los teléfonos móviles + +166 +00:08:46.880 --> 00:08:49.860 +mayormente se utiliza la propiedad + +167 +00:08:50.160 --> 00:08:52.000 +el atributo content + +168 +00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:54.000 +para indicar y decirle + +169 +00:08:54.960 --> 00:08:56.580 +al viewport + +170 +00:08:56.580 --> 00:08:58.580 +ya al viewport + +171 +00:08:58.580 --> 00:09:00.580 +vamos a ver qué es viewport + +172 +00:09:00.580 --> 00:09:02.580 +el viewport es: + +173 +00:09:02.580 --> 00:09:05.180 +todo el body, todo lo que... + +174 +00:09:06.060 --> 00:09:07.440 +podéis observar aquí + +175 +00:09:11.000 --> 00:09:12.160 +todo lo que véis aquí + +176 +00:09:12.160 --> 00:09:13.460 +toda esta parte + +177 +00:09:14.120 --> 00:09:16.320 +toda esta parte es el viewport + +178 +00:09:17.640 --> 00:09:20.840 +voy actualizar aquí para que no se vean eso carácteres raros + +179 +00:09:21.040 --> 00:09:21.780 +bien + +180 +00:09:22.100 --> 00:09:24.400 +toda esta parte es el viewport + +181 +00:09:24.720 --> 00:09:25.440 +correcto + +182 +00:09:25.440 --> 00:09:27.440 +toda esta parte es el viewport + +183 +00:09:29.240 --> 00:09:33.560 +toda la pantalla, todo lo que se muestra dentro de esta pantalla + +184 +00:09:33.920 --> 00:09:36.680 +entonces qué vamos a decirle mediante está etiqueta + +185 +00:09:38.580 --> 00:09:40.220 +a la pantalla + +186 +00:09:40.880 --> 00:09:42.940 +la pantalla va a tener esta codiciones + +187 +00:09:43.320 --> 00:09:46.140 +la página va a tener estas codiciones sobre la pantalla + +188 +00:09:46.820 --> 00:09:48.440 +que el ancho + +189 +00:09:49.500 --> 00:09:50.840 +el ancho + +190 +00:09:55.560 --> 00:09:57.080 +va a ser igual + +191 +00:09:58.780 --> 00:10:01.200 +el ancho de la web va a ser igual + +192 +00:10:01.200 --> 00:10:03.200 +al ancho + +193 +00:10:03.360 --> 00:10:05.640 +del dispositivo es decir + +194 +00:10:05.640 --> 00:10:07.640 +igual al ancho de la pantalla + +195 +00:10:08.420 --> 00:10:09.220 +ahí está + +196 +00:10:10.220 --> 00:10:12.040 +el ancho + +197 +00:10:13.000 --> 00:10:14.720 +de la página web + +198 +00:10:14.720 --> 00:10:16.720 +va a ser igual + +199 +00:10:16.720 --> 00:10:20.220 +al ancho de la página + +200 +00:10:20.620 --> 00:10:22.300 +colocamos una coma + +201 +00:10:22.300 --> 00:10:24.300 +para decirle algo más + +202 +00:10:25.200 --> 00:10:27.100 +le vamos a decir + +203 +00:10:27.280 --> 00:10:35.060 +que la escala inicial, initial-scale, escala inicial + +204 +00:10:36.520 --> 00:10:38.200 +por defecto + +205 +00:10:38.600 --> 00:10:39.840 +por defecto + +206 +00:10:40.640 --> 00:10:43.560 +va a ser 1, ahí está + +207 +00:10:45.120 --> 00:10:53.400 +y si queréis trabajar con números decimales mayormente se pone 1.0 + +208 +00:10:53.400 --> 00:10:55.400 +escala en 1 + +209 +00:10:55.880 --> 00:10:56.720 +es decir + +210 +00:10:57.100 --> 00:11:01.440 +que si yo aquí mediante CSS digo + +211 +00:11:01.440 --> 00:11:04.900 +la etiqueta de css (style>/style>) se coloca dentro de head + +212 +00:11:05.880 --> 00:11:07.340 +aquí se coloca + +213 +00:11:09.760 --> 00:11:11.120 +bueno como decía + +214 +00:11:11.500 --> 00:11:13.520 +si yo le digo mediante diseño + +215 +00:11:13.520 --> 00:11:17.600 +le digo el ancho va a ser tanto, entonces + +216 +00:11:17.920 --> 00:11:26.020 +la pantalla pues va a funcionar con ese ancho que yo le dije, no lo va a escalar, va a utilizar ese ancho que le dije + +217 +00:11:26.020 --> 00:11:30.620 +no va haber ningún problema con el diseño + +218 +00:11:30.620 --> 00:11:36.320 +y es más que todo importantísimo, porque si no colocáis este atributo + +219 +00:11:37.060 --> 00:11:40.760 +si no colocáis la etiqueta meta con su atributo name viewport + +220 +00:11:41.180 --> 00:11:48.720 +no váis a poder hacer, lo que se conoce como Responsive Desing + +221 +00:11:49.340 --> 00:11:50.800 +no váis a poder hacerlo + +222 +00:11:51.360 --> 00:11:57.480 +podéis haber colocado los mediaqueries y todo el resto, pero si te olvidas de colocar esta etiqueta + +223 +00:11:58.500 --> 00:12:01.880 +si no sabes por qué no funciona tu CSS + +224 +00:12:01.880 --> 00:12:03.880 +esta etiqueta te va a + +225 +00:12:05.440 --> 00:12:10.140 +va a colapsar todo, no se va a mostrar bien, algo va a fallar + +226 +00:12:10.140 --> 00:12:12.140 +algo siempre va a fallar + +227 +00:12:12.360 --> 00:12:15.360 +por eso es importante que colocáis esta etiiqueta + +228 +00:12:17.160 --> 00:12:17.780 +bien + +229 +00:12:18.600 --> 00:12:19.580 +hasta ahí + +230 +00:12:20.440 --> 00:12:21.480 +vamos + +231 +00:12:22.980 --> 00:12:24.440 +vamos mirando + +232 +00:12:24.440 --> 00:12:26.040 +la parte + +233 +00:12:26.040 --> 00:12:28.840 +de las etiquetas y la sintaxis + +234 +00:12:28.840 --> 00:12:30.840 +de la estructura + +235 +00:12:30.840 --> 00:12:32.100 +HTML + +236 +00:12:32.760 --> 00:12:35.280 +en el siguiente vídeo vamos a + +237 +00:12:35.280 --> 00:12:38.760 +ver ya, de la parte del body> + +238 +00:12:39.080 --> 00:12:41.800 +aunque ya hemos visto un poquito, vamos a empezar + +239 +00:12:42.040 --> 00:12:46.140 +con el header que es la parte principal del body + +240 +00:12:48.380 --> 00:12:54.320 +aquí también antes de cerrar el vídeo + +241 +00:12:54.760 --> 00:12:56.460 +que es favicon + +242 +00:12:56.460 --> 00:12:58.460 +el favicon + +243 +00:12:59.420 --> 00:13:02.140 +que es el logo que tiene por ejemplo aquí + +244 +00:13:02.680 --> 00:13:04.560 +dónde está, a ver aquí está + +245 +00:13:05.160 --> 00:13:07.440 +aquí tengo la página web de conocimientos libres + +246 +00:13:08.460 --> 00:13:11.260 +aquí como podéis observar aparece un ícono + +247 +00:13:13.120 --> 00:13:21.720 +voy a darle aquí en ver código fuente, aparece un ícono, ese ícono es esta imagen + +248 +00:13:24.160 --> 00:13:25.500 +es esa imagen + +249 +00:13:26.080 --> 00:13:29.120 +vamos a tomar el enlace de + +250 +00:13:29.500 --> 00:13:34.960 +conocimientos libres para el ejemplo, porque ahorita no tengo imagenes dentro del directorio + +251 +00:13:35.300 --> 00:13:38.980 +de course, en este directorio no hay imágenes no hay nada + +252 +00:13:39.360 --> 00:13:41.480 +solamente el archivo index + +253 +00:13:41.960 --> 00:13:44.460 +vamos a agarrar de ejemplo para terminar el vídeo + +254 +00:13:44.460 --> 00:13:47.920 +vamos a ir a la parte del head> + +255 +00:13:47.920 --> 00:13:51.460 +y vamos a escribir una etiqueta llamada link + +256 +00:13:53.080 --> 00:13:58.020 +una etiqueta link se cierra así misma como la etiqueta meta + +257 +00:14:00.820 --> 00:14:02.620 +entonces vamos a + +258 +00:14:03.460 --> 00:14:04.560 +colocar + +259 +00:14:06.100 --> 00:14:08.160 +un atributo que se llama "rel" + +260 +00:14:09.500 --> 00:14:10.420 +con + +261 +00:14:10.420 --> 00:14:12.420 +su información + +262 +00:14:12.660 --> 00:14:16.420 +y le vamos a decir que ese enlace es un ícono + +263 +00:14:18.020 --> 00:14:20.880 +va a tener su atributo href + +264 +00:14:21.200 --> 00:14:27.060 +href hace referencia a un enlace externo de un recurso que se encuentra en otro lado + +265 +00:14:27.680 --> 00:14:29.200 +en este caso + +266 +00:14:29.200 --> 00:14:31.200 +voy a utilizar + +267 +00:14:31.200 --> 00:14:33.200 +mi enlace de + +268 +00:14:33.200 --> 00:14:35.200 +conocimientos libres + +269 +00:14:35.200 --> 00:14:37.640 +la figurta que coji hace poquito + +270 +00:14:41.300 --> 00:14:43.240 +el nombre de la imagen + +271 +00:14:44.720 --> 00:14:49.320 +además de eso voy a decir que con la propiedad "sizes" + +272 +00:14:49.880 --> 00:14:53.700 +le voy a decir el tamaño de esa imagen para ese favicon + +273 +00:14:54.040 --> 00:14:57.420 +que sería de 16x16 + +274 +00:14:57.420 --> 00:14:59.420 +y con eso + +275 +00:14:59.740 --> 00:15:00.720 +con esto + +276 +00:15:01.000 --> 00:15:04.620 +estaría colocando lo que se conoce como favicon + +277 +00:15:04.920 --> 00:15:07.580 +ahora los comentarios simplemente + +278 +00:15:08.460 --> 00:15:24.120 +colocáis el coments + +279 +00:15:27.620 --> 00:15:29.420 +ahora si yo + +280 +00:15:30.260 --> 00:15:34.520 +guardo el index.html y regreso + +281 +00:15:35.340 --> 00:15:37.260 +a la parte de + +282 +00:15:40.540 --> 00:15:42.460 +a la parte de + +283 +00:15:44.880 --> 00:15:48.780 +de la página web, voy a recargar + +284 +00:15:49.500 --> 00:15:53.720 +y como podéis obervar automáticamente aparece el ícono + +285 +00:15:53.720 --> 00:15:57.420 +el ícono en qué formato debería de estar pues + +286 +00:15:58.100 --> 00:16:07.180 +podéis usar PNG o icon, yo recomiendo PNG para que no tengáis problemas con los móviles + +287 +00:16:08.340 --> 00:16:12.900 +y pues es así de esta forma se coloca un favicon, bien! + +288 +00:16:12.900 --> 00:16:18.740 +en el siguiente un poquito más sobre body + +289 +00:16:19.080 --> 00:16:23.680 +y bueno seáis felices, nos vemos en el siguiente vídeo diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0005-header-es.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0005-header-es.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb564bf --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0005-header-es.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,397 @@ +WEBVTT + +1 +00:00:01.560 --> 00:00:04.000 +bien ahora seguimos con la etiqueta header + +2 +00:00:07.100 --> 00:00:09.980 +la etiqueta header mayormente se utiliza + +3 +00:00:09.980 --> 00:00:11.980 +en las páginas web + +4 +00:00:12.160 --> 00:00:13.580 +de forma independiente + +5 +00:00:13.800 --> 00:00:18.060 +algunas otras veces también la etiqueta header va acompañada de la etiqueta nav + +6 +00:00:18.060 --> 00:00:20.060 +que se puede encontrar debajo + +7 +00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:21.680 +de la misma + +8 +00:00:22.540 --> 00:00:23.980 +en conocimientos libres + +9 +00:00:24.320 --> 00:00:26.160 +la etiqueta header + +10 +00:00:27.560 --> 00:00:28.880 +también + +11 +00:00:29.200 --> 00:00:31.700 +encierra a la etiqueta nav + +12 +00:00:32.300 --> 00:00:36.860 +vamos a observar el código fuente de conocimientos libres + +13 +00:00:37.840 --> 00:00:38.740 +aquí está + +14 +00:00:39.460 --> 00:00:41.000 +tenemos la etiqueta header + +15 +00:00:41.000 --> 00:00:43.000 +y dentro hay + +16 +00:00:44.180 --> 00:00:45.700 +la etiqueta nav + +17 +00:00:46.920 --> 00:00:49.660 +que encienrra el resto de items + +18 +00:00:49.840 --> 00:00:50.600 +para dar + +19 +00:00:51.320 --> 00:00:53.700 +forma al menú de navegación + +20 +00:00:54.440 --> 00:00:55.780 +vamos a identificar + +21 +00:00:56.360 --> 00:00:57.740 +toda esta parte + +22 +00:00:57.920 --> 00:00:59.100 +es el header + +23 +00:01:01.400 --> 00:01:02.580 +bien + +24 +00:01:02.580 --> 00:01:04.280 +ahora vamos a + +25 +00:01:04.280 --> 00:01:05.620 +observar + +26 +00:01:05.840 --> 00:01:08.960 +que en algunas páginas web + +27 +00:01:10.460 --> 00:01:12.940 +el header solamente + +28 +00:01:13.920 --> 00:01:16.260 +abarca la parte del banner + +29 +00:01:19.140 --> 00:01:22.100 +por ejemplo vamos a irnos a + +30 +00:01:22.480 --> 00:01:24.200 +una página web + +31 +00:01:24.880 --> 00:01:26.800 +que desarrollamos en + +32 +00:01:30.380 --> 00:01:31.880 +HackerTech + +33 +00:02:00.680 --> 00:02:03.420 +por ejemplo aquí tenemos esta página + +34 +00:02:04.020 --> 00:02:06.020 +la om360 + +35 +00:02:07.920 --> 00:02:10.040 +que fue desarrollada por HackerTech + +36 +00:02:10.960 --> 00:02:12.180 +el header + +37 +00:02:12.420 --> 00:02:17.380 +podría ser solamente la parte de la cabecera (traduciéndolo al español) + +38 +00:02:17.520 --> 00:02:21.080 +solamente este banner, este gif + +39 +00:02:22.100 --> 00:02:24.040 +podría ser solamente el header + +40 +00:02:24.520 --> 00:02:25.700 +y después + +41 +00:02:25.700 --> 00:02:28.620 +en la parte de abajo podríamos encontrar + +42 +00:02:28.620 --> 00:02:31.080 +el menú de navegación + +43 +00:02:31.740 --> 00:02:33.000 +en ese caso + +44 +00:02:33.480 --> 00:02:36.200 +en la parte de om360 + +45 +00:02:36.200 --> 00:02:37.940 +solamente hemos + +46 +00:02:38.580 --> 00:02:40.040 +colocado + +47 +00:02:40.260 --> 00:02:44.140 +la etiqueta nav dentro del header + +48 +00:02:44.480 --> 00:02:47.960 +aquí en la imagen nos muestran de manera separada + +49 +00:02:47.960 --> 00:02:49.960 +primero el header y luego el nav + +50 +00:02:49.960 --> 00:02:51.960 +aquí en el desarrollo web + +51 +00:02:53.380 --> 00:02:55.380 +en esta parte está + +52 +00:02:55.700 --> 00:02:56.640 +el nav + +53 +00:02:56.900 --> 00:03:00.340 +el área de navegación está dentro del header + +54 +00:03:00.700 --> 00:03:01.760 +¿por qué está dentro? + +55 +00:03:01.760 --> 00:03:05.600 +bueno es para poder hacer los efectos que observáis allí + +56 +00:03:07.820 --> 00:03:09.280 +ahora vamos a + +57 +00:03:09.280 --> 00:03:13.300 +tocar el código a ver como funciona esto de la etiqueta header + +58 +00:03:14.840 --> 00:03:17.920 +hasta ahora solo tenemos el "Hola Mundo!" + +59 +00:03:18.360 --> 00:03:19.420 +vamos a entrar + +60 +00:03:20.060 --> 00:03:21.300 +al + +61 +00:03:22.800 --> 00:03:25.940 +al archivo index.html + +62 +00:03:28.300 --> 00:03:29.520 +hasta ahora + +63 +00:03:30.060 --> 00:03:31.900 +solamente teníamos una etiqueta + +64 +00:03:32.080 --> 00:03:33.180 +h1 + +65 +00:03:36.220 --> 00:03:38.460 +ahora vamos a ver la etiqueta header + +66 +00:03:41.380 --> 00:03:42.720 +como puedes observar + +67 +00:03:42.720 --> 00:03:45.640 +etiqueta header tiene su contraparte, una etiqueta + +68 +00:03:45.800 --> 00:03:48.040 +que abre y otra etiqueta que cierra + +69 +00:03:48.680 --> 00:03:51.180 +aquí como podéis observar, aquí va + +70 +00:03:51.560 --> 00:03:54.100 +todo lo que tiene que ver con el logotipo + +71 +00:03:55.980 --> 00:03:57.000 +el banner + +72 +00:04:00.180 --> 00:04:01.500 +y también pues + +73 +00:04:02.020 --> 00:04:05.160 +mayormente el área de navegación + +74 +00:04:07.560 --> 00:04:09.580 +el área de navegación es bastante importante + +75 +00:04:09.580 --> 00:04:11.580 +que esté dentro del header + +76 +00:04:11.760 --> 00:04:13.960 +pero hay que acotar algo bastante + +77 +00:04:14.960 --> 00:04:16.360 +importante para... + +78 +00:04:16.620 --> 00:04:17.860 +el asunto del header + +79 +00:04:18.120 --> 00:04:20.500 +el header no puede ser demasiado grande + +80 +00:04:20.660 --> 00:04:22.820 +porque qué pasaría si en... + +81 +00:04:22.820 --> 00:04:24.820 +conocimientos libres + +82 +00:04:26.640 --> 00:04:28.840 +el header fuese demasiado grande + +83 +00:04:29.040 --> 00:04:32.340 +si el header fuese demasiado grande, es decir tuviese + +84 +00:04:33.840 --> 00:04:35.660 +un alto + +85 +00:04:36.140 --> 00:04:38.260 +mayor al de la página web + +86 +00:04:38.780 --> 00:04:42.880 +pues taparía o desplazaría el formulario + +87 +00:04:43.100 --> 00:04:47.280 +y el formulario de búsqueda en conocimientos libres es importante + +88 +00:04:47.520 --> 00:04:48.340 +entonces + +89 +00:04:48.600 --> 00:04:53.000 +es necesario de que el header sea pequeño que no sea intrusivo + +90 +00:04:56.400 --> 00:05:00.840 +por eso algunas personas ponen aquí el banner o el logotipo + +91 +00:05:01.120 --> 00:05:04.220 +o solamente el área de navegación + +92 +00:05:05.840 --> 00:05:09.740 +para el área del navegación es necesario solamente colocar + +93 +00:05:09.740 --> 00:05:11.740 +la etiqueta nav + +94 +00:05:12.080 --> 00:05:13.140 +también + +95 +00:05:14.260 --> 00:05:16.020 +podríamos colocar + +96 +00:05:19.240 --> 00:05:21.700 +un h1 dentro del header + +97 +00:05:22.200 --> 00:05:25.380 +para poder darle algún tipo de información - natural + +98 +00:05:26.080 --> 00:05:28.220 +todas esas cosas podríamos colocarlo aquí + +99 +00:05:28.800 --> 00:05:30.840 +bien nos vemos en el siguiente vídeo diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0006-titulos-es.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0006-titulos-es.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9574af2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0006-titulos-es.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,405 @@ +WEBVTT + +1 +00:00:02.420 --> 00:00:03.820 +bien ahora vamos a ver + +2 +00:00:03.820 --> 00:00:05.820 +el tema de las h + +3 +00:00:05.820 --> 00:00:07.820 +aquí tenemos + +4 +00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:14.120 +las etiquetas h1, h2, h3, h4 + +5 +00:00:15.020 --> 00:00:18.560 +también se encunetra la etiqueta h5 + +6 +00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:23.460 +y también la etiqueta h6 + +7 +00:00:32.640 --> 00:00:35.700 +al h1 se le conoce como título principal + +8 +00:00:36.540 --> 00:00:39.140 +al h2 se le conoce como subtítulo + +9 +00:00:45.380 --> 00:00:46.900 +al h3 + +10 +00:00:48.800 --> 00:00:52.960 +la mayor parte de veces que lo vemos + +11 +00:00:53.920 --> 00:00:57.080 +conforman el área de los títulos de algunos artículos + +12 +00:00:58.420 --> 00:01:05.400 +casi siempre yo utilizo para la parte de los artículos h4 + +13 +00:01:05.400 --> 00:01:10.560 +ahorita vamos a verlo en conocimientos libres para tener una noción + +14 +00:01:10.840 --> 00:01:13.160 +de cómo podría funcionar esto + +15 +00:01:45.940 --> 00:01:50.340 +vamos a recargar el navegador ahorita para poder mirar + +16 +00:01:52.740 --> 00:01:54.320 +cómo funciona esto + +17 +00:02:02.960 --> 00:02:06.540 +ahí vemos actualizamos + +18 +00:02:07.100 --> 00:02:14.380 +la parte de los h: h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 y h6 + +19 +00:02:15.100 --> 00:02:19.280 +que las palabras sean más grandes y otras más pequeñas + +20 +00:02:19.900 --> 00:02:22.820 +eso es ya cuestión del navegador web + +21 +00:02:23.320 --> 00:02:26.040 +ya que el navegador web trae sus propios estilos + +22 +00:02:26.240 --> 00:02:30.380 +entonces eso ya es parte del navegador web + +23 +00:02:31.140 --> 00:02:36.560 +esta parte de las dimensiones de los títulos puede cambiarse + +24 +00:02:37.120 --> 00:02:38.320 +no es + +25 +00:02:38.440 --> 00:02:39.820 +que porque sea + +26 +00:02:40.080 --> 00:02:47.100 +porque quiero escribir una letra grande, tengo que escribir h1, no! eso es incorrecto + +27 +00:02:47.100 --> 00:02:49.960 +la parte del diseño la vamos a estudiar + +28 +00:02:50.440 --> 00:02:51.980 +con el CSS + +29 +00:02:53.480 --> 00:02:58.240 +podríamos hacer que la etiqueta h6 sea más grande que la etiqueta h1 + +30 +00:02:58.460 --> 00:02:59.600 +con CSS + +31 +00:03:00.680 --> 00:03:01.700 +ahora + +32 +00:03:02.940 --> 00:03:05.320 +hay que entender algo y es que + +33 +00:03:05.720 --> 00:03:08.220 +la etiqueta h1 es importante + +34 +00:03:09.020 --> 00:03:11.620 +porque le da bastante peso a la página web + +35 +00:03:12.080 --> 00:03:18.900 +de etiquetas h1 solamente debe existir una sola, no puede existir otra etiqueta + +36 +00:03:20.280 --> 00:03:22.700 +¿por qué no puede existir otra etiqueta h1? + +37 +00:03:22.700 --> 00:03:24.700 +bueno no puede existir + +38 +00:03:25.200 --> 00:03:29.760 +porque al haber otra etiqueta h1 por ejemplo voy a colocar por aquí + +39 +00:03:33.560 --> 00:03:37.340 +voy a copiar esto y voy a ponerlo debajo + +40 +00:03:37.840 --> 00:03:39.520 +ahí está + +41 +00:03:40.000 --> 00:03:43.160 +si yo tuviese dos etiquetas h1 + +42 +00:03:43.540 --> 00:03:48.100 +los navegadores web al tratar + +43 +00:03:48.720 --> 00:03:52.920 +va a repartir el peso del SEO + +44 +00:03:53.100 --> 00:03:54.040 +es decir + +45 +00:03:54.400 --> 00:03:57.600 +el buscador no va a decidirse + +46 +00:03:58.060 --> 00:04:00.480 +por cual utilizar, entonces va a decir: + +47 +00:04:00.620 --> 00:04:05.700 +«aquí el desarrollador me esta diciendo que hay dos etiquetas de título principal h1» + +48 +00:04:05.780 --> 00:04:10.060 +entonces como hay dos etiquetas de tipo principal, entonces significa que las 2 son importantes + +49 +00:04:10.060 --> 00:04:13.920 +entonces a los 2 les da un 50 % y 50 % + +50 +00:04:15.120 --> 00:04:19.440 +supongamos que tenemos dos tipos de enunciados dentro de los h1 + +51 +00:04:19.440 --> 00:04:21.440 +que aquí diga + +52 +00:04:30.340 --> 00:04:32.180 +HackerTech + +53 +00:04:36.640 --> 00:04:38.100 +y que por acá diga + +54 +00:04:38.840 --> 00:04:40.140 +Conocimientos Libres + +55 +00:04:49.660 --> 00:04:51.260 +que pasaría en ese momento + +56 +00:04:53.520 --> 00:04:58.020 +si vemos aquí en el navegador diría: HackerTech y Conocimientos Libres + +57 +00:04:58.020 --> 00:05:01.560 +pero esto es algo bastante grave porque + +58 +00:05:02.780 --> 00:05:04.040 +el navegador + +59 +00:05:06.320 --> 00:05:13.500 +bueno, el navegador visulamente mostraría las dos etiquetas h1, pero el buscador al momento de indexar + +60 +00:05:15.900 --> 00:05:17.340 +va a colocar + +61 +00:05:17.340 --> 00:05:18.820 +los dos títulos + +62 +00:05:18.820 --> 00:05:20.820 +dentro de + +63 +00:05:20.820 --> 00:05:23.300 +de su información, dentro de su metadata + +64 +00:05:23.300 --> 00:05:26.860 +entonces esto lo que va ocasionar es que se confunda y no va a saber + +65 +00:05:26.860 --> 00:05:28.860 +cual es el título principal + +66 +00:05:29.220 --> 00:05:33.220 +los buscadores son así, podría simplemente este título + +67 +00:05:33.400 --> 00:05:34.600 +y obviar éste + +68 +00:05:34.600 --> 00:05:38.840 +o coger solamente este título y obviar el otro título + +69 +00:05:39.680 --> 00:05:40.940 +o visceversa + +70 +00:05:41.380 --> 00:05:42.500 +de esa forma + +71 +00:05:42.500 --> 00:05:50.260 +se confundiría el buscador y nos quitaría SEO posicionamiento Web + +72 +00:05:51.400 --> 00:05:54.180 +por eso es recomendable utilizar un h1 + +73 +00:05:57.040 --> 00:05:59.920 +es importantísimo utilizar solamente un h1 + +74 +00:06:00.380 --> 00:06:02.540 +para evitar problemas de SEO + +75 +00:06:04.660 --> 00:06:07.080 +bien los subtítulos pues + +76 +00:06:07.080 --> 00:06:13.420 +casi siempre se utilizan los subititulos, pueden repetirse, esto si puede repetirse, de h3 pues sí puedes tener varios + +77 +00:06:13.580 --> 00:06:14.840 +de h4 también + +78 +00:06:16.140 --> 00:06:24.820 +vamos a ver un ejemplo con con la parte de conocimientos libres + +79 +00:06:27.100 --> 00:06:29.900 +Conocimientos Libres que es esa frase que está ahí + +80 +00:06:29.900 --> 00:06:31.300 +se he seleccionado + +81 +00:06:31.300 --> 00:06:32.680 +es un h1 + +82 +00:06:33.420 --> 00:06:35.420 +vamos a mirar el código fuente + +83 +00:06:40.640 --> 00:06:41.960 +voy amplificar acá + +84 +00:06:44.260 --> 00:06:46.620 +ahí tenemos un h1 + +85 +00:06:47.300 --> 00:06:52.520 +que nos esta devolviendo conocimientos libres + +86 +00:06:52.520 --> 00:06:54.520 +la frase conocimientos libres + +87 +00:06:54.760 --> 00:06:55.680 +ahora + +88 +00:06:55.680 --> 00:06:58.760 +si seleccionamos la otra palabra la otra frase + +89 +00:06:59.440 --> 00:07:02.960 +vemos que no es un h2 sino un h4 + +90 +00:07:02.960 --> 00:07:05.720 +bueno y por qué realicé esto + +91 +00:07:07.380 --> 00:07:14.080 +el asunto es que yo no he le dado demasiada relevancia a «sitio de información sobre software libre» + +92 +00:07:14.440 --> 00:07:17.380 +yo no le he dado demasiado peso a esa frase + +93 +00:07:19.580 --> 00:07:22.440 +le he dado casi el mismo peso, esta frase + +94 +00:07:22.440 --> 00:07:27.720 +... es casi el mismo peso que tiene estas frases que pertenecen a los artículos + +95 +00:07:28.400 --> 00:07:30.860 +por ejemplo si yo he seleccionado esta frase + +96 +00:07:31.360 --> 00:07:34.320 +pueden ver que está dentro de un h4 + +97 +00:07:35.700 --> 00:07:36.940 +es decir + +98 +00:07:38.020 --> 00:07:39.400 +esta frase + +99 +00:07:39.640 --> 00:07:41.560 +tiene el mismo peso en el buscador + +100 +00:07:41.720 --> 00:07:44.980 +que los títulos de los artículos + +101 +00:07:50.400 --> 00:07:53.480 +ahora vamos a continuar con el siguiente vídeo diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0007-hgroup-es.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0007-hgroup-es.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c06ed46 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0007-hgroup-es.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,229 @@ +WEBVTT + +1 +00:00:00.500 --> 00:00:04.900 +bien continuamos ahora vamos a hablar sobre la etiqueta hgroup + +2 +00:00:05.280 --> 00:00:08.880 +Es una etiqueta que en la versión 5 apareció + +3 +00:00:08.880 --> 00:00:13.280 +pero ha caído un poco en desuso + +4 +00:00:14.580 --> 00:00:15.680 +es válido + +5 +00:00:16.020 --> 00:00:20.140 +yo recomendaría no utilizarla pero por nociones del vídeo voy a mostrarla + +6 +00:00:20.140 --> 00:00:22.140 +sería hgroup + +7 +00:00:22.140 --> 00:00:24.140 +hgroup + +8 +00:00:26.240 --> 00:00:28.020 +y hgroup que cierra + +9 +00:00:28.400 --> 00:00:29.640 +de esta forma + +10 +00:00:30.040 --> 00:00:32.960 +dentro del hgroup podríamos colocar + +11 +00:00:35.120 --> 00:00:40.440 +un conjunto de etiquetas por ejemplo un h2 y un h1 + +12 +00:00:43.260 --> 00:00:46.040 +y ahora cómo se maneja la etiqueta hgroup + +13 +00:00:46.040 --> 00:00:47.460 +la etiqueta hgroup + +14 +00:00:47.460 --> 00:00:49.460 +vamos a guardar aquí + +15 +00:00:51.200 --> 00:00:52.480 +ahí tenemos + +16 +00:00:54.900 --> 00:00:58.280 +estás dos frases se encuentran dentro de hgroup + +17 +00:00:58.500 --> 00:01:02.300 +pero cómo funciona para qué sirve hgroup, bueno hgroup funciona... + +18 +00:01:02.940 --> 00:01:06.480 +como su nombre lo indica es un grupo de "h" de títulos + +19 +00:01:07.180 --> 00:01:08.140 +entonces + +20 +00:01:09.960 --> 00:01:11.340 +sí observáis aquí + +21 +00:01:12.480 --> 00:01:13.480 +tenemos + +22 +00:01:14.600 --> 00:01:19.060 +que el hgroup sirve para enlazar cosas relevantes + +23 +00:01:19.060 --> 00:01:21.060 +si queríamos poner + +24 +00:01:23.760 --> 00:01:25.000 +freakspot + +25 +00:01:25.380 --> 00:01:27.820 +por ejemplo freakspot un página web + +26 +00:01:28.320 --> 00:01:31.580 +que bastantes del mundo libre conocen + +27 +00:01:33.360 --> 00:01:36.700 +y aquí debajo podríamos colocar + +28 +00:01:38.020 --> 00:01:41.280 +Sitio de información... + +29 +00:01:43.880 --> 00:01:45.980 +...de cultura... + +30 +00:01:45.980 --> 00:01:47.980 +Libre + +31 +00:01:49.140 --> 00:01:50.280 +correcto + +32 +00:01:51.580 --> 00:01:53.800 +entonces el hgroup para qué sirve + +33 +00:01:54.160 --> 00:01:55.940 +para relacionar + +34 +00:01:56.140 --> 00:01:58.280 +estás dos etiquetas + +35 +00:01:58.540 --> 00:01:59.640 +para relacionarla + +36 +00:02:00.720 --> 00:02:04.020 +ahora por qué digo que ha caido en decadencia + +37 +00:02:04.020 --> 00:02:06.620 +porque la w3c + +38 +00:02:08.260 --> 00:02:11.040 +habían algunos desarrolladores + +39 +00:02:11.200 --> 00:02:12.620 +que al momento de maquetar + +40 +00:02:12.620 --> 00:02:14.200 +el HTML + +41 +00:02:14.200 --> 00:02:15.920 +lo que hacian era + +42 +00:02:17.740 --> 00:02:20.840 +hacer varios hgroup, varios grupos de "h" + +43 +00:02:21.600 --> 00:02:22.960 +y de esta forma + +44 +00:02:23.100 --> 00:02:26.380 +aumentar supuestamente el SEO + +45 +00:02:26.380 --> 00:02:28.740 +varios h1 dentro de hgroup + +46 +00:02:29.120 --> 00:02:33.580 +entonces supuestamente el buscador iba a indexar más h1 más h2 + +47 +00:02:33.760 --> 00:02:36.180 +iba a posicionarse mejor + +48 +00:02:36.580 --> 00:02:38.120 +entonces la w3c + +49 +00:02:38.120 --> 00:02:42.960 +prefirio quitar o poner en decadencia la etiqueta hgroup + +50 +00:02:42.960 --> 00:02:47.540 +a pesar de qué lo había agregado en la versión 5 de HTML + +51 +00:02:48.460 --> 00:02:54.400 +como os digo ahora estamos en la versión 5.2 y pronto va a salir la 5.3 + +52 +00:02:55.160 --> 00:03:00.980 +y esta etiqueta ya no deberías utilizarla solamente la he mencionado + +53 +00:03:02.120 --> 00:03:05.300 +porque quizás hay algunas personas que + +54 +00:03:05.300 --> 00:03:08.040 +desean utilizarla. Yo recomiendo no utilizarla + +55 +00:03:08.040 --> 00:03:11.380 +solamente utilizar las etiquetas h + +56 +00:03:11.780 --> 00:03:16.020 +sin necesidad de usar las etiquetas de agrupación que son las hgroup + +57 +00:03:16.500 --> 00:03:17.580 +continuamos diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0008-nav-ul-ol-li-es.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0008-nav-ul-ol-li-es.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9a79ee --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/0008-nav-ul-ol-li-es.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,637 @@ +WEBVTT + +1 +00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:03.260 +bien hablaremos sobre la etiqueta nav + +2 +00:00:03.260 --> 00:00:07.020 +la etiqueta nav es la etiqueta que se encuentra dentro de + +3 +00:00:07.020 --> 00:00:10.000 +de header algunas veces, también está debajo + +4 +00:00:10.340 --> 00:00:12.300 +pero esta no es la única estructura + +5 +00:00:12.300 --> 00:00:15.760 +también la etiqueta nav podría estar al costado + +6 +00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:21.460 +por ejemplo aquí tenemos el header donde podría estar el banner, el logotipo de la empresa, de la página web + +7 +00:00:21.880 --> 00:00:24.460 +y a los laterales podría estar la etiqueta nav + +8 +00:00:25.080 --> 00:00:29.480 +en conocimientos libres la página que tengo de muestra para este curso + +9 +00:00:31.700 --> 00:00:34.740 +la etiqueta nav esta dentro del header + +10 +00:00:36.520 --> 00:00:37.960 +pero no es + +11 +00:00:38.580 --> 00:00:41.600 +obligatorio que la etiqueta nav este dentro de header + +12 +00:00:41.600 --> 00:00:43.800 +como ya mostré en la imagen anterior + +13 +00:00:43.800 --> 00:00:46.300 +etiqueta nav podría estar a los costados + +14 +00:00:46.380 --> 00:00:48.500 +inclussive podria estar debajo + +15 +00:00:50.740 --> 00:00:52.820 +entonces vamos a ver esto ahora en código + +16 +00:00:53.920 --> 00:00:56.020 +cómo sería para poder + +17 +00:00:56.600 --> 00:00:57.840 +escribirlo + +18 +00:00:58.560 --> 00:00:59.500 +primero + +19 +00:00:59.500 --> 00:01:02.500 +deberíamos de escribir una etiqueta header + +20 +00:01:04.800 --> 00:01:07.400 +Ahora la etiqueta nav podría estar + +21 +00:01:07.400 --> 00:01:10.920 +dentro de header o también podría estar fuera de header + +22 +00:01:12.500 --> 00:01:14.400 +para escribir una etiqueta + +23 +00:01:14.400 --> 00:01:16.400 +nav sería de esta forma + +24 +00:01:16.720 --> 00:01:17.800 +ahí lo tenemos + +25 +00:01:18.460 --> 00:01:20.780 +etiqueta nav que habré etiqueta nav que cierra + +26 +00:01:21.260 --> 00:01:22.900 +y dentro de la etiquet nav + +27 +00:01:22.900 --> 00:01:25.480 +podríamos poner una lista + +28 +00:01:25.480 --> 00:01:27.480 +una lista de items + +29 +00:01:29.200 --> 00:01:32.940 +vamos a revisar la ṕágina de conocimientos libres + +30 +00:01:33.240 --> 00:01:35.880 +y cada una de esteas opciones + +31 +00:01:37.620 --> 00:01:41.240 +del menú, porque esto, todo esto sería una etiqueta nav + +32 +00:01:41.500 --> 00:01:42.860 +y cada una de estas opciones + +33 +00:01:43.040 --> 00:01:44.120 +sería un + +34 +00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:47.340 +list items o una lista de items + +35 +00:01:47.660 --> 00:01:49.080 +¿y cómo se escribe eso? + +36 +00:01:49.080 --> 00:01:51.580 +bueno se escribe. Hay varias formas + +37 +00:01:54.000 --> 00:01:56.640 +podríamos hacer una lista ordenada + +38 +00:01:56.640 --> 00:01:58.640 +con un ol + +39 +00:01:59.280 --> 00:02:00.540 +ol: order list + +40 +00:02:00.540 --> 00:02:01.920 +una lista ordenada + +41 +00:02:02.700 --> 00:02:05.380 +o también podríamos hacer un + +42 +00:02:06.860 --> 00:02:08.240 +unordered list + +43 +00:02:08.420 --> 00:02:10.960 +es decir una lista desordenada + +44 +00:02:12.080 --> 00:02:13.300 +mayormente + +45 +00:02:15.080 --> 00:02:17.380 +las etiquetas contienen + +46 +00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:19.040 +etiquetas + +47 +00:02:20.780 --> 00:02:23.580 +li: list items + +48 +00:02:24.720 --> 00:02:25.400 +es decir + +49 +00:02:25.880 --> 00:02:27.460 +estas dos etiquetas + +50 +00:02:27.460 --> 00:02:30.660 +contienen etiquetas list items + +51 +00:02:31.440 --> 00:02:34.540 +podríamos utilizar este o este otro + +52 +00:02:35.680 --> 00:02:39.860 +vamos a dejarlo así para ver qué diferencia hay entre los dos + +53 +00:02:40.220 --> 00:02:41.780 +por ejemplo vamos a poner aquí + +54 +00:02:42.060 --> 00:02:43.380 +items + +55 +00:02:43.940 --> 00:02:45.360 +no, items nada más + +56 +00:02:45.360 --> 00:02:47.360 +aquí también otro + +57 +00:02:47.920 --> 00:02:48.880 +item + +58 +00:02:49.800 --> 00:02:51.540 +de esta forma vamos guardar + +59 +00:02:51.540 --> 00:02:54.340 +y ahora vamos a visualizar en el navegador + +60 +00:02:54.740 --> 00:02:55.900 +actualizamos + +61 +00:02:56.960 --> 00:02:58.300 +como véis + +62 +00:02:59.200 --> 00:03:01.580 +la etiquet order list + +63 +00:03:02.400 --> 00:03:03.480 +lo que hace es + +64 +00:03:03.480 --> 00:03:05.480 +enumerar los items + +65 +00:03:05.900 --> 00:03:08.040 +y le ha puesto el número 1 + +66 +00:03:08.480 --> 00:03:11.340 +y la etiqueta unordered list + +67 +00:03:11.520 --> 00:03:14.140 +lo que hace es colocarle solamente una viñeta + +68 +00:03:14.140 --> 00:03:15.960 +en vez de colocarle una numeración + +69 +00:03:15.960 --> 00:03:19.800 +le ponerle el número 1, 2, solamente les coloca una viñeta + +70 +00:03:20.580 --> 00:03:22.080 +para hacer el menú + +71 +00:03:22.080 --> 00:03:26.380 +vamos a utilizar solamente la etiqueta ul que es lo más recomendable + +72 +00:03:26.380 --> 00:03:27.660 +es decir + +73 +00:03:28.060 --> 00:03:30.080 +no vamos a colocarle + +74 +00:03:30.080 --> 00:03:31.320 +los números + +75 +00:03:31.320 --> 00:03:35.780 +simplemente colocarle un item, porque con CSS le podríamos quitar + +76 +00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:39.220 +esta viñeta + +77 +00:03:39.220 --> 00:03:43.340 +y de esta forma pues dejarlo como lo tenemos en conocimientos libres + +78 +00:03:44.000 --> 00:03:44.880 +esta forma + +79 +00:03:45.700 --> 00:03:46.580 +ahora + +80 +00:03:48.720 --> 00:03:50.180 +la etiqueta nav + +81 +00:03:50.560 --> 00:03:51.860 +podría estar + +82 +00:03:51.860 --> 00:03:53.860 +fuera así como lo he puesto ahorita + +83 +00:03:54.780 --> 00:04:00.740 +pero si queremos seguir las buenas prácticas podríamos dejarlo dentro de la etiqueta header + +84 +00:04:01.960 --> 00:04:05.080 +para las etiquetas li pues podrían haber varias + +85 +00:04:06.620 --> 00:04:07.260 +de esta forma + +86 +00:04:08.520 --> 00:04:09.280 +así + +87 +00:04:09.720 --> 00:04:11.400 +cosa que cuendo nosotros + +88 +00:04:11.400 --> 00:04:13.400 +vamos a + +89 +00:04:13.400 --> 00:04:15.400 +la parte de la página + +90 +00:04:15.400 --> 00:04:17.400 +podemos ver que tenemos + +91 +00:04:17.400 --> 00:04:19.400 +una serie de listas + +92 +00:04:24.060 --> 00:04:31.100 +vamos a ojear el código de la página de conocimientos libres aquí tendríamos, vamos inspeccionar elemento + +93 +00:04:32.960 --> 00:04:34.520 +se puede observar + +94 +00:04:35.260 --> 00:04:38.560 +en esta parte tenemos una ul + +95 +00:04:40.360 --> 00:04:42.220 +y dentro tenemos li + +96 +00:04:44.420 --> 00:04:46.500 +estás li qué es lo que hacen pues + +97 +00:04:46.500 --> 00:04:48.120 +colocan enlaces + +98 +00:04:48.400 --> 00:04:50.920 +por ejemplo enlace a economic support + +99 +00:04:50.920 --> 00:04:52.300 +los enlaces + +100 +00:04:52.300 --> 00:04:54.720 +son bastante impotantes porque + +101 +00:04:55.240 --> 00:04:58.260 +por ejemplo si queremos hacer el menú + +102 +00:04:58.260 --> 00:04:59.880 +que sea clickeable + +103 +00:04:59.880 --> 00:05:00.740 +como + +104 +00:05:00.740 --> 00:05:04.340 +como el de conocimientos libres, que tu picas y te envía + +105 +00:05:05.120 --> 00:05:09.000 +al enlace que se encuentra dentro de la etiqueta a de ese item + +106 +00:05:09.780 --> 00:05:11.580 +pues fácilmente + +107 +00:05:12.020 --> 00:05:14.140 +podríamos hacerlo con la etiqueta a + +108 +00:05:14.140 --> 00:05:16.140 +de ancla, entonces + +109 +00:05:16.140 --> 00:05:18.140 +podríamos hacer esto + +110 +00:05:19.440 --> 00:05:20.300 +de esta forma + +111 +00:05:20.720 --> 00:05:22.980 +yaquí podríamos poner un href + +112 +00:05:25.660 --> 00:05:28.780 +un href, por ejemplo vamos a enviarlo al + +113 +00:05:29.180 --> 00:05:31.080 +solamente para nociones del + +114 +00:05:31.600 --> 00:05:34.060 +vídeo voy a poner aquí que + +115 +00:05:34.060 --> 00:05:35.320 +al presionar + +116 +00:05:35.320 --> 00:05:37.320 +este elemento + +117 +00:05:38.400 --> 00:05:40.300 +me envíe a + +118 +00:05:40.300 --> 00:05:42.300 +un buscador searx.me + +119 +00:05:43.920 --> 00:05:46.080 +deberíamos poner el protocolo + +120 +00:05:52.640 --> 00:05:54.520 +vamos actualizar la página + +121 +00:05:54.660 --> 00:05:57.600 +y automáticamente se convirtió en un enlace + +122 +00:05:57.980 --> 00:05:59.880 +una lista con un enlace + +123 +00:06:00.400 --> 00:06:01.880 +si nosotros damos click + +124 +00:06:03.700 --> 00:06:06.120 +automáticamente nos llevaría al buscador + +125 +00:06:06.660 --> 00:06:09.600 +o cualquier enlace que se encuentre dentro de la página + +126 +00:06:09.760 --> 00:06:13.960 +por ejemplo podríamos colocarle que en vez de que nos envíe a esto nos envíe + +127 +00:06:14.260 --> 00:06:15.420 +al index + +128 +00:06:16.080 --> 00:06:19.420 +punto html que es el mismo archivo que tenemos ahorita + +129 +00:06:21.020 --> 00:06:23.900 +lo que haría solamente ahora es una recarga de la página + +130 +00:06:30.060 --> 00:06:34.080 +para eso podríamos colocar pues simplemente que se trata del home + +131 +00:06:42.300 --> 00:06:45.960 +y así podríamos hacer con cada tipo de item + +132 +00:06:46.140 --> 00:06:49.280 +podríamos hacer que este otro nos envíe a otro lado + +133 +00:06:49.280 --> 00:06:52.300 +nos envíe a otro lado de la página, por ejemplo que este nos envíe + +134 +00:06:52.300 --> 00:06:55.520 +por ejemplo a la página about + +135 +00:06:56.240 --> 00:06:57.560 +vamos hacerlo rapidito + +136 +00:06:59.780 --> 00:07:04.640 +tenemos aquí otra ancla, por aquí otra ancla + +137 +00:07:07.360 --> 00:07:09.000 +y por aquí otra ancla + +138 +00:07:13.100 --> 00:07:15.520 +y podríamos decirle que + +139 +00:07:16.220 --> 00:07:17.540 +nos envíe + +140 +00:07:17.860 --> 00:07:20.620 +a cada uno nos envíe a una página diferente + +141 +00:07:21.160 --> 00:07:24.440 +de hecho aquí va a fallar porque no existen esos archivos + +142 +00:07:25.540 --> 00:07:27.220 +pero podría hacerse de esa forma + +143 +00:07:32.100 --> 00:07:33.680 +podríamos decirle que + +144 +00:07:34.380 --> 00:07:37.280 +a este otro nos envíe a about + +145 +00:07:37.500 --> 00:07:39.000 +si es que existiese el archivo + +146 +00:07:39.300 --> 00:07:40.420 +a contact + +147 +00:07:41.220 --> 00:07:43.040 +o que nos envíe + +148 +00:07:43.580 --> 00:07:45.880 +a blog + +149 +00:07:47.500 --> 00:07:50.260 +de esta forma todos los items + +150 +00:07:50.260 --> 00:07:52.260 +se volverían enlaces + +151 +00:07:52.620 --> 00:07:54.300 +es lo que se ha hecho con + +152 +00:07:54.920 --> 00:07:57.260 +la parte del área de navegación con + +153 +00:07:58.800 --> 00:08:00.100 +conocimientos libres + +154 +00:08:00.760 --> 00:08:03.860 +lo que se quito con CSS + +155 +00:08:04.660 --> 00:08:07.680 +este subrayado se quita con CSS + +156 +00:08:08.920 --> 00:08:11.940 +bueno queda como si fuese una lista normal + +157 +00:08:11.940 --> 00:08:13.940 +también se puede quitar el color con CSS + +158 +00:08:13.940 --> 00:08:15.380 +eso luego lo vamos a ver + +159 +00:08:15.380 --> 00:08:17.380 +y bien! esto ha sido todo por este vídeo diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/introduccion-es.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/introduccion-es.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7d361e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/article/subtitles/2019/03/introduccion-es.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,606 @@ +WEBVTT + +1 +00:00:00.880 --> 00:00:05.040 +Hola que tal bienvenidos aquí a Cybersy, a Conocimientos Libres + +2 +00:00:06.080 --> 00:00:07.040 +Vamos a iniciar + +3 +00:00:07.040 --> 00:00:07.980 +con el + +4 +00:00:07.980 --> 00:00:10.840 +pequeño curso de HTML + +5 +00:00:10.840 --> 00:00:13.300 +vamos a ver los fundamentos de HTML + +6 +00:00:15.280 --> 00:00:18.580 +HTML5 es un lenguaje + +7 +00:00:18.580 --> 00:00:20.580 +de Marcado + +8 +00:00:20.580 --> 00:00:21.780 +que permite + +9 +00:00:21.780 --> 00:00:24.040 +estructurar la página web + +10 +00:00:25.320 --> 00:00:26.620 +de manera sencilla + +11 +00:00:27.580 --> 00:00:29.500 +para poder así luego + +12 +00:00:30.520 --> 00:00:31.500 +mantener + +13 +00:00:32.460 --> 00:00:34.840 +un posicionamiento adecuado + +14 +00:00:35.720 --> 00:00:38.300 +sobre la página web + +15 +00:00:39.060 --> 00:00:41.000 +ya se para temas de SEO + +16 +00:00:42.420 --> 00:00:43.040 +para... + +17 +00:00:45.140 --> 00:00:46.360 +Entregar + +18 +00:00:46.360 --> 00:00:49.160 +una buena información al usuario + +19 +00:00:49.160 --> 00:00:50.460 +cuando visite + +20 +00:00:50.460 --> 00:00:52.460 +cualquier sitio web + +21 +00:00:53.100 --> 00:00:55.920 +la versión actual de HTML es: + +22 +00:00:55.920 --> 00:00:57.920 +5.2 + +23 +00:01:00.200 --> 00:01:03.240 +que tiene que ver con HTML + +24 +00:01:03.240 --> 00:01:05.240 +viene de las siglas en inglés + +25 +00:01:05.680 --> 00:01:08.160 +HyperText Markup Lenguage = HTML + +26 +00:01:08.880 --> 00:01:11.880 +Lenguaje de Marcado de HyperTexto + +27 +00:01:12.060 --> 00:01:13.480 +¿qué quiere decir esto?, pues... + +28 +00:01:13.480 --> 00:01:15.480 +que es un lenguaje de marcado + +29 +00:01:15.480 --> 00:01:17.300 +no es un lenguaje de programación + +30 +00:01:17.360 --> 00:01:18.780 +es un lenguaje de marcado + +31 +00:01:21.540 --> 00:01:24.860 +¿qué tiene la versión 5? + +32 +00:01:25.080 --> 00:01:27.760 +nos dice que debemos de... + +33 +00:01:29.020 --> 00:01:30.820 +utilizar etiquetas + +34 +00:01:31.500 --> 00:01:32.740 +etiquetas + +35 +00:01:34.000 --> 00:01:35.440 +semánticas + +36 +00:01:35.820 --> 00:01:40.440 +que le den sentido a la información que se publica dentro de la web + +37 +00:01:44.920 --> 00:01:45.860 +primero + +38 +00:01:46.400 --> 00:01:50.100 +por ejemplo tenemos aquí cargada la página de conocimientos Libres + +39 +00:01:51.160 --> 00:01:53.700 +vamos a ver su código fuente + +40 +00:01:54.440 --> 00:01:57.020 +que este caso sería el HTML + +41 +00:01:57.740 --> 00:01:59.560 +para que apareza todo eso + +42 +00:01:59.760 --> 00:02:00.700 +vamos a ver... + +43 +00:02:01.180 --> 00:02:02.620 +su código fuente + +44 +00:02:03.720 --> 00:02:06.320 +simplemente bastaría con dar click derecho + +45 +00:02:07.960 --> 00:02:11.720 +ver código fuente, en este caso está en inglés dice: view page source + +46 +00:02:19.120 --> 00:02:20.520 +si observáis bien + +47 +00:02:21.800 --> 00:02:24.200 +podéis ver que para poder declarar + +48 +00:02:24.200 --> 00:02:25.780 +un archivo... + +49 +00:02:25.780 --> 00:02:27.780 +HTML, un documento HTML + +50 +00:02:27.780 --> 00:02:32.000 +la primera etiqueta obligatoria es ponerle el tipo de documento + +51 +00:02:32.000 --> 00:02:34.000 +HTML + +52 +00:02:36.320 --> 00:02:38.240 +luego vemos... + +53 +00:02:39.520 --> 00:02:42.080 +a esto se le llama etiqueta + +54 +00:02:43.900 --> 00:02:46.600 +hay etiquetas que se cierran solas + +55 +00:02:47.080 --> 00:02:48.760 +como las etiquetas <meta> + +56 +00:02:49.220 --> 00:02:50.640 +es decir + +57 +00:02:51.900 --> 00:02:53.920 +se puede escribir en una sola línea + +58 +00:02:54.780 --> 00:02:57.000 +por ejemplo aquí etiqueta <meta> + +59 +00:02:57.720 --> 00:03:00.240 +y aquí tiene una pequeña barra que indica + +60 +00:03:00.400 --> 00:03:02.700 +que esta etiquete se cierra + +61 +00:03:02.840 --> 00:03:05.200 +en la misma etiqueta + +62 +00:03:08.180 --> 00:03:09.760 +aquí + +63 +00:03:11.540 --> 00:03:12.660 +la barra + +64 +00:03:13.580 --> 00:03:14.780 +que puedes observar ahí + +65 +00:03:17.660 --> 00:03:20.820 +si trabajarmos con XML es obligatoria + +66 +00:03:21.520 --> 00:03:22.500 +pero + +67 +00:03:22.500 --> 00:03:25.660 +cuando estamos trabajando con HTML5 + +68 +00:03:25.940 --> 00:03:27.200 +esa barra + +69 +00:03:27.440 --> 00:03:32.040 +podría haberla obviado + +70 +00:03:32.040 --> 00:03:34.040 +y no pasaría nada + +71 +00:03:38.400 --> 00:03:40.040 +si deseáis podéis colocarla + +72 +00:03:40.360 --> 00:03:43.520 +lo recomendable es colocarla aquí yo no lo he puesto + +73 +00:03:43.680 --> 00:03:47.240 +pero como os dije no es necesario colocarla + +74 +00:03:47.640 --> 00:03:50.220 +hay algunos desarrolladores que no la colocan + +75 +00:03:50.220 --> 00:03:52.220 +para ahorrar bits + +76 +00:03:52.900 --> 00:03:54.160 +al momento de escribir + +77 +00:03:55.180 --> 00:03:57.400 +luego tenemos las etiquetas... + +78 +00:03:57.680 --> 00:04:00.360 +que tienen su contraparte + +79 +00:04:00.540 --> 00:04:01.520 +es decir + +80 +00:04:01.920 --> 00:04:04.000 +la etiqute <title> + +81 +00:04:04.480 --> 00:04:06.680 +como podéis observar ahí en la pantalla + +82 +00:04:06.680 --> 00:04:10.220 +tiene su contraparte, su etiqueta contraparte + +83 +00:04:10.220 --> 00:04:12.220 +donde esa etiqueta + +84 +00:04:12.820 --> 00:04:15.060 +tiene una barra + +85 +00:04:15.060 --> 00:04:17.060 +tiene un slash: / + +86 +00:04:17.060 --> 00:04:20.320 +donde indica pues que la etiqueta termina allí + +87 +00:04:21.160 --> 00:04:25.300 +en este caso tenemos el título que sería Conocimientos Libres + +88 +00:04:26.400 --> 00:04:28.220 +ahí lo puedéis observar + +89 +00:04:28.620 --> 00:04:32.200 +luego ya tenemos un sin número de etiquetas y propiedades + +90 +00:04:37.200 --> 00:04:39.020 +aquí hay bastante código + +91 +00:04:39.020 --> 00:04:42.380 +como puedes observar todo este código es para que... + +92 +00:04:42.380 --> 00:04:45.740 +pueda pintarse toda la página web + +93 +00:04:46.320 --> 00:04:48.320 +ya para que pueda estructurase + +94 +00:04:48.320 --> 00:04:50.320 +la parte del diseño + +95 +00:04:50.500 --> 00:04:52.900 +ya se encarga de eso... + +96 +00:04:52.900 --> 00:04:54.680 +HTML + +97 +00:04:54.680 --> 00:04:57.140 +junto a CSS + +98 +00:04:59.020 --> 00:05:03.160 +las imágenes son guardadas dentro de etiquetas también + +99 +00:05:10.820 --> 00:05:12.780 +por ejemplo, si queremos + +100 +00:05:14.240 --> 00:05:15.860 +saber dónde esta + +101 +00:05:16.140 --> 00:05:17.680 +esta imagen + +102 +00:05:18.180 --> 00:05:19.960 +nos vamos al código fuente + +103 +00:05:20.920 --> 00:05:23.140 +vamos a la parte que dice + +104 +00:05:25.480 --> 00:05:26.980 +contenido de la página + +105 +00:05:27.940 --> 00:05:29.540 +y como podéis observar + +106 +00:05:29.660 --> 00:05:33.560 +aquí hay una etiqueta llamada figura o <figure> + +107 +00:05:35.140 --> 00:05:39.160 +que también tiene su contraparte aquí puedéis observar + +108 +00:05:41.260 --> 00:05:43.360 +esta etiqueta tiene propiedades + +109 +00:05:45.020 --> 00:05:49.380 +lo que más se maneja dentro de las etiquetas son las clases y los id's + +110 +00:05:50.040 --> 00:05:51.560 +mayormente es eso + +111 +00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:59.160 +donde agregamos atributos en la etiqueta <link> + +112 +00:06:00.580 --> 00:06:03.420 +donde agregamos el atributo "rel", "href" + +113 +00:06:03.420 --> 00:06:05.420 +de lenguaje + +114 +00:06:06.040 --> 00:06:10.000 +en la mayoría de etiquetas siempre utilizamos las clases + +115 +00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:12.000 +que es para trabajar con CSS + +116 +00:06:12.760 --> 00:06:14.220 +mediante las clases + +117 +00:06:14.400 --> 00:06:17.380 +nosotros agregamos el tipo + +118 +00:06:17.680 --> 00:06:22.120 +de diseño que se va mostrar en la etiqueta, cómo se va a mostrar + +119 +00:06:22.460 --> 00:06:24.560 +he las dimensiones que va a tener + +120 +00:06:25.240 --> 00:06:27.960 +las cosas con respecto al diseño + +121 +00:06:30.060 --> 00:06:31.580 +he la etiqueta <img> + +122 +00:06:31.760 --> 00:06:35.520 +tiene un atributo que se llama "SRC" + +123 +00:06:36.620 --> 00:06:38.340 +allí puedes observar + +124 +00:06:42.880 --> 00:06:46.640 +y tiene un enlace hacia la imagen, si yo pico aquí + +125 +00:06:46.640 --> 00:06:48.640 +me va a mostrar la imagen + +126 +00:06:49.720 --> 00:06:51.660 +y alternativamente + +127 +00:06:52.340 --> 00:06:53.240 +tiene + +128 +00:06:53.400 --> 00:06:56.780 +un atributo "alt" que todas las imágenes deben de tener + +129 +00:06:56.780 --> 00:06:57.580 +que es + +130 +00:06:58.560 --> 00:07:01.220 +su texto alternativo + +131 +00:07:02.900 --> 00:07:05.280 +es impresindible + +132 +00:07:05.280 --> 00:07:07.280 +para una imagen + +133 +00:07:07.280 --> 00:07:08.440 +¿por qué? + +134 +00:07:08.860 --> 00:07:13.280 +porque cuando la imagen por ejemplo desaparece del servidor + +135 +00:07:16.280 --> 00:07:20.060 +en vez de que no se muestre la imagen + +136 +00:07:20.220 --> 00:07:23.960 +cuando la imagen no existe muestra... + +137 +00:07:24.520 --> 00:07:31.460 +un ícono roto indicando que la imagen no está disponible + +138 +00:07:33.060 --> 00:07:40.160 +entonces al colocarle el "alt" el texto alternativo en vez de mostrarse ese ícono + +139 +00:07:40.940 --> 00:07:47.880 +roto, se reemplaza por el texto que se agregó en el atributo "alt" + +140 +00:07:51.560 --> 00:07:57.620 +bien, qué voy a utilizar aquí para escribir código + +141 +00:07:58.540 --> 00:08:03.920 +ya para escribir el código HTML la parte de etiqueta + +142 +00:08:05.100 --> 00:08:13.400 +voy a utilizar EMACS podéis utilizar cualquier otro editor de código + +143 +00:08:15.060 --> 00:08:20.060 +ya es cuestión de preferencias podéis utilizar geany + +144 +00:08:20.540 --> 00:08:26.380 +cualquier tipo editor de código que os parezca bien nano, no sé quizás VIM + +145 +00:08:29.200 --> 00:08:34.640 +para la parte de práctica vamos a ir bastante a fondo, cómo funciona esto + +146 +00:08:35.060 --> 00:08:39.320 +solamente este video es una pequeña introducción, es un pequeño paso + +147 +00:08:39.620 --> 00:08:46.820 +recapitulando HTML no es un lengiuaje de programación es un lenguaje de marcado de etiquetas + +148 +00:08:47.400 --> 00:08:52.020 +que permite pues posicionar la página web si esta bien escrito + +149 +00:08:53.680 --> 00:09:00.760 +y a lo último pues de este curso veremos cómo validar HTML, sin embargo vamos hacerlo también + +150 +00:09:01.380 --> 00:09:09.840 +cada vez de escribarmos algo al finalizar lo validaremos para comprobar si hemos escrito correctamente las etiquetas + +151 +00:09:10.320 --> 00:09:13.300 +bien! nos vemos en el siguiente vídeo + diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/images/2017/03/poster.png b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/images/2017/03/poster.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fc5185 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/images/2017/03/poster.png diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/images/donaci.svg b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/images/donaci.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..681a73e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/images/donaci.svg @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="83" height="30"><rect id="back" fill="#f6c915" x="1" y=".5" width="82" height="29" rx="4"/><svg viewBox="0 0 80 80" height="16" width="16" x="7" y="7"><g transform="translate(-78.37-208.06)" fill="#1a171b"><path d="m104.28 271.1c-3.571 0-6.373-.466-8.41-1.396-2.037-.93-3.495-2.199-4.375-3.809-.88-1.609-1.308-3.457-1.282-5.544.025-2.086.313-4.311.868-6.675l9.579-40.05 11.69-1.81-10.484 43.44c-.202.905-.314 1.735-.339 2.489-.026.754.113 1.421.415 1.999.302.579.817 1.044 1.546 1.395.729.353 1.747.579 3.055.679l-2.263 9.278"/><path d="m146.52 246.14c0 3.671-.604 7.03-1.811 10.07-1.207 3.043-2.879 5.669-5.01 7.881-2.138 2.213-4.702 3.935-7.693 5.167-2.992 1.231-6.248 1.848-9.767 1.848-1.71 0-3.42-.151-5.129-.453l-3.394 13.651h-11.162l12.52-52.19c2.01-.603 4.311-1.143 6.901-1.622 2.589-.477 5.393-.716 8.41-.716 2.815 0 5.242.428 7.278 1.282 2.037.855 3.708 2.024 5.02 3.507 1.307 1.484 2.274 3.219 2.904 5.205.627 1.987.942 4.11.942 6.373m-27.378 15.461c.854.202 1.91.302 3.167.302 1.961 0 3.746-.364 5.355-1.094 1.609-.728 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/english.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/english.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6c38e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/english.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,1209 @@ +WEBVTT
+
+1
+00:00:11.100 --> 00:00:15.360
+free software is the first battle in the
+
+2
+00:00:15.360 --> 00:00:17.360
+liberation of cyberspace
+
+3
+00:00:17.360 --> 00:00:20.080
+who controls your computer
+
+4
+00:00:20.080 --> 00:00:22.440
+is it you or is it some
+
+5
+00:00:22.440 --> 00:00:25.600
+big company that's really controlling it
+
+6
+00:00:25.830 --> 00:00:28.610
+well what is a computer a computer is a
+
+7
+00:00:28.610 --> 00:00:32.660
+universal machine it will do any
+
+8
+00:00:32.660 --> 00:00:35.640
+computation you wanted to because you
+
+9
+00:00:35.640 --> 00:00:37.770
+give it a program that says what the
+
+10
+00:00:37.770 --> 00:00:40.460
+computation is that you want so the
+
+11
+00:00:40.460 --> 00:00:42.510
+computer only knows how to get out and
+
+12
+00:00:42.510 --> 00:00:44.430
+instruction and do it and get add
+
+13
+00:00:44.430 --> 00:00:46.320
+another instruction and do it
+
+14
+00:00:46.320 --> 00:00:48.890
+the program has the instructions it says
+
+15
+00:00:48.890 --> 00:00:52.280
+what to do and so you by writing the
+
+16
+00:00:52.280 --> 00:00:53.870
+right program you can make it do
+
+17
+00:00:53.870 --> 00:00:56.760
+anything well almost anything
+
+18
+00:00:56.760 --> 00:00:59.480
+um so who gives the instructions to your
+
+19
+00:00:59.480 --> 00:01:01.890
+computer you might think it's obeying
+
+20
+00:01:01.890 --> 00:01:05.480
+your instructions when really it's
+
+21
+00:01:05.480 --> 00:01:08.760
+obeying somebody else first and you only
+
+22
+00:01:08.760 --> 00:01:11.100
+as much as that company wants it too
+
+23
+00:01:11.100 --> 00:01:14.640
+will let it listen to you with software
+
+24
+00:01:14.640 --> 00:01:16.380
+there are two possibilities either the
+
+25
+00:01:16.380 --> 00:01:19.470
+users control the program or the program
+
+26
+00:01:19.470 --> 00:01:22.740
+controls the users it's inevitably one
+
+27
+00:01:22.740 --> 00:01:23.850
+or the other
+
+28
+00:01:23.850 --> 00:01:26.580
+so in order for the users to control the
+
+29
+00:01:26.580 --> 00:01:28.790
+program they need the four essential
+
+30
+00:01:28.790 --> 00:01:32.670
+freedoms and that's the definition of
+
+31
+00:01:32.670 --> 00:01:36.900
+free software free software respects the
+
+32
+00:01:36.900 --> 00:01:39.000
+users freedom and community now we often
+
+33
+00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:41.460
+call it libra using the french or
+
+34
+00:01:41.460 --> 00:01:43.400
+spanish word pronounce it as you like
+
+35
+00:01:43.400 --> 00:01:45.810
+the point is that's what we mean we
+
+36
+00:01:45.810 --> 00:01:47.790
+don't mean it's gratis we're not talking
+
+37
+00:01:47.790 --> 00:01:49.970
+about price we're concerned with your
+
+38
+00:01:49.970 --> 00:01:53.430
+freedom and we sometimes say free /
+
+39
+00:01:53.430 --> 00:01:56.720
+libre to show that so freedom zeros the
+
+40
+00:01:56.720 --> 00:01:59.150
+freedom to run the program as you wish
+
+41
+00:01:59.150 --> 00:02:02.490
+for whatever purpose freedom one is the
+
+42
+00:02:02.490 --> 00:02:04.500
+freedom to study the source code of the
+
+43
+00:02:04.500 --> 00:02:07.740
+program and change it so it does the
+
+44
+00:02:07.740 --> 00:02:10.640
+computing you wanted to do but what is
+
+45
+00:02:10.640 --> 00:02:12.450
+the source code well every program
+
+46
+00:02:12.450 --> 00:02:13.550
+typically will have to
+
+47
+00:02:13.550 --> 00:02:16.730
+forms there's the form that you can read
+
+48
+00:02:16.730 --> 00:02:19.100
+and you can understand if you know the
+
+49
+00:02:19.100 --> 00:02:21.290
+programming language that's the source
+
+50
+00:02:21.290 --> 00:02:24.500
+that's what programmers write and change
+
+51
+00:02:24.500 --> 00:02:25.940
+then there's the executable which is a
+
+52
+00:02:25.940 --> 00:02:28.250
+bunch of numbers which even a programmer
+
+53
+00:02:28.250 --> 00:02:30.410
+can figure out if all you get is the
+
+54
+00:02:30.410 --> 00:02:32.810
+executable it's a horrible pain in the
+
+55
+00:02:32.810 --> 00:02:35.330
+neck to figure out what it does and even
+
+56
+00:02:35.330 --> 00:02:38.270
+harder to change it so to give you the
+
+57
+00:02:38.270 --> 00:02:41.600
+real possibility to study and change it
+
+58
+00:02:41.600 --> 00:02:42.880
+they've got to give you the source code
+
+59
+00:02:42.880 --> 00:02:46.190
+that's a requirement well with those two
+
+60
+00:02:46.190 --> 00:02:49.820
+freedoms each user separately can make a
+
+61
+00:02:49.820 --> 00:02:52.100
+copy and start changing it and make it
+
+62
+00:02:52.100 --> 00:02:53.750
+do what she wants
+
+63
+00:02:53.750 --> 00:02:57.650
+that's individual control but what if
+
+64
+00:02:57.650 --> 00:02:59.390
+you're not a programmer you look at the
+
+65
+00:02:59.390 --> 00:03:01.640
+source code and you don't understand it
+
+66
+00:03:01.640 --> 00:03:04.820
+individual control isn't enough
+
+67
+00:03:04.820 --> 00:03:07.700
+we also need collective control which
+
+68
+00:03:07.700 --> 00:03:09.260
+means any group of users are free to
+
+69
+00:03:09.260 --> 00:03:11.780
+work together to adapt the program to
+
+70
+00:03:11.780 --> 00:03:14.210
+what they want of course in the group
+
+71
+00:03:14.210 --> 00:03:16.430
+some of them are programmers they're the
+
+72
+00:03:16.430 --> 00:03:18.830
+ones who actually write the changes but
+
+73
+00:03:18.830 --> 00:03:20.450
+they're doing it as part of the group
+
+74
+00:03:20.450 --> 00:03:23.200
+for what the group wants course the
+
+75
+00:03:23.200 --> 00:03:25.340
+group doesn't have to be everybody so
+
+76
+00:03:25.340 --> 00:03:27.770
+others can use it some other way they're
+
+77
+00:03:27.770 --> 00:03:30.620
+all free to do that so collective
+
+78
+00:03:30.620 --> 00:03:32.630
+control requires two more essential
+
+79
+00:03:32.630 --> 00:03:34.970
+freedoms freedom to is the freedom to
+
+80
+00:03:34.970 --> 00:03:37.450
+redistribute exact copies to make the
+
+81
+00:03:37.450 --> 00:03:39.290
+copies and then give them away or sell
+
+82
+00:03:39.290 --> 00:03:42.500
+them when you wish and freedom three is
+
+83
+00:03:42.500 --> 00:03:44.420
+similar but it's for your modified
+
+84
+00:03:44.420 --> 00:03:46.550
+versions you're free to make copies and
+
+85
+00:03:46.550 --> 00:03:48.320
+then give them or sell them when you
+
+86
+00:03:48.320 --> 00:03:49.100
+wish
+
+87
+00:03:49.100 --> 00:03:51.500
+so we do have these freedoms that it's
+
+88
+00:03:51.500 --> 00:03:53.200
+free software the users control the
+
+89
+00:03:53.200 --> 00:03:55.700
+program but if any of those freedoms is
+
+90
+00:03:55.700 --> 00:03:58.940
+missing then the users don't control the
+
+91
+00:03:58.940 --> 00:04:01.400
+program instead the program controls the
+
+92
+00:04:01.400 --> 00:04:04.400
+users and the developer controls the
+
+93
+00:04:04.400 --> 00:04:07.790
+program so that means this program is an
+
+94
+00:04:07.790 --> 00:04:11.120
+instrument of unjust power for its
+
+95
+00:04:11.120 --> 00:04:15.800
+developer / the users that means the
+
+96
+00:04:15.800 --> 00:04:18.730
+users don't have freedom that's non-free
+
+97
+00:04:18.730 --> 00:04:20.570
+proprietary software which we got to get
+
+98
+00:04:20.570 --> 00:04:21.410
+rid of
+
+99
+00:04:21.410 --> 00:04:23.720
+well when you've got proprietary
+
+100
+00:04:23.720 --> 00:04:26.380
+software what happens sometimes
+
+101
+00:04:26.380 --> 00:04:30.100
+program snoops on the user sometimes it
+
+102
+00:04:30.100 --> 00:04:34.300
+tracks the user sometimes it restricts
+
+103
+00:04:34.300 --> 00:04:37.900
+the user and stop users from doing what
+
+104
+00:04:37.900 --> 00:04:39.700
+they want to do you can see that the
+
+105
+00:04:39.700 --> 00:04:41.200
+blu-ray is your enemy
+
+106
+00:04:41.200 --> 00:04:44.860
+um sometimes the software remotely
+
+107
+00:04:44.860 --> 00:04:48.190
+deletes books as Amazon did with 1984
+
+108
+00:04:48.190 --> 00:04:54.310
+but sometimes the developer compels
+
+109
+00:04:54.310 --> 00:04:58.540
+users to install a harmful upgrade by
+
+110
+00:04:58.540 --> 00:05:00.190
+threatening to take away other
+
+111
+00:05:00.190 --> 00:05:03.460
+functionality if it's not installed as
+
+112
+00:05:03.460 --> 00:05:05.860
+Sony did and sometimes they can even
+
+113
+00:05:05.860 --> 00:05:08.560
+forcibly change the software at a
+
+114
+00:05:08.560 --> 00:05:11.380
+distance as Microsoft can with windows
+
+115
+00:05:11.380 --> 00:05:13.750
+through the universal back door
+
+116
+00:05:13.750 --> 00:05:17.350
+I'm so sometimes they even sabotage
+
+117
+00:05:17.350 --> 00:05:19.930
+users as Microsoft does when it tells
+
+118
+00:05:19.930 --> 00:05:23.860
+the NSA about bugs in windows so it can
+
+119
+00:05:23.860 --> 00:05:26.350
+use them to attack people's computers
+
+120
+00:05:26.350 --> 00:05:28.930
+well what you get is basically with
+
+121
+00:05:28.930 --> 00:05:32.110
+proprietary software the owner has power
+
+122
+00:05:32.110 --> 00:05:35.500
+over the users and takes advantage of
+
+123
+00:05:35.500 --> 00:05:37.450
+this power putting in those various
+
+124
+00:05:37.450 --> 00:05:40.600
+malicious functionalities to hurt the
+
+125
+00:05:40.600 --> 00:05:43.300
+users of course they don't do this
+
+126
+00:05:43.300 --> 00:05:45.460
+because they're Satanist they're doing
+
+127
+00:05:45.460 --> 00:05:48.340
+it just for money for greed they have
+
+128
+00:05:48.340 --> 00:05:51.160
+various ways that they can profit from
+
+129
+00:05:51.160 --> 00:05:54.430
+having this power over users which does
+
+130
+00:05:54.430 --> 00:05:56.890
+not make it even the tiniest bit less
+
+131
+00:05:56.890 --> 00:05:59.950
+evil but they have no shame about it
+
+132
+00:05:59.950 --> 00:06:02.200
+they have conferences where they talk
+
+133
+00:06:02.200 --> 00:06:04.540
+about the latest ways they can take
+
+134
+00:06:04.540 --> 00:06:06.850
+advantage of users through the power
+
+135
+00:06:06.850 --> 00:06:10.210
+they have basically proprietary software
+
+136
+00:06:10.210 --> 00:06:14.260
+which in is now from almost all the
+
+137
+00:06:14.260 --> 00:06:15.940
+users of proprietary software they're
+
+138
+00:06:15.940 --> 00:06:19.210
+using proprietary malware its software
+
+139
+00:06:19.210 --> 00:06:20.500
+for suckers
+
+140
+00:06:20.500 --> 00:06:23.560
+so how do us how do you stop being the
+
+141
+00:06:23.560 --> 00:06:27.100
+victim formerly you have to stop using
+
+142
+00:06:27.100 --> 00:06:28.930
+computers but not anymore
+
+143
+00:06:28.930 --> 00:06:30.820
+now you can come join us in the free
+
+144
+00:06:30.820 --> 00:06:36.460
+world that we've built but in 1983 i can
+
+145
+00:06:36.460 --> 00:06:38.620
+announce i would develop a completely
+
+146
+00:06:38.620 --> 00:06:39.840
+free software up
+
+147
+00:06:39.840 --> 00:06:44.160
+rating system called GNU in 1992 we had
+
+148
+00:06:44.160 --> 00:06:46.380
+almost finished but one piece was
+
+149
+00:06:46.380 --> 00:06:49.270
+missing the Kernel Linux or vaults in
+
+150
+00:06:49.270 --> 00:06:50.370
+that year
+
+151
+00:06:50.370 --> 00:06:53.190
+freed his Kernel Linux which filled the
+
+152
+00:06:53.190 --> 00:06:56.190
+last gap and gave us the first complete
+
+153
+00:06:56.190 --> 00:06:58.470
+system you could run on a pc GNU plus
+
+154
+00:06:58.470 --> 00:07:04.290
+Linux so unfortunately having freedom at
+
+155
+00:07:04.290 --> 00:07:06.390
+one more point doesn't guarantee you'll
+
+156
+00:07:06.390 --> 00:07:08.940
+keep it there are over a thousand
+
+157
+00:07:08.940 --> 00:07:11.880
+different variants of GNU/Linux called
+
+158
+00:07:11.880 --> 00:07:14.880
+distributions a few of them are entirely
+
+159
+00:07:14.880 --> 00:07:17.700
+free software most of them have non-free
+
+160
+00:07:17.700 --> 00:07:19.620
+software added because they are
+
+161
+00:07:19.620 --> 00:07:21.990
+maintained by people who aren't
+
+162
+00:07:21.990 --> 00:07:23.880
+concerned about freedom they rather and
+
+163
+00:07:23.880 --> 00:07:25.770
+convenience but at the cost of freedom
+
+164
+00:07:25.770 --> 00:07:29.490
+so you have to check which is a free
+
+165
+00:07:29.490 --> 00:07:32.550
+distro to keep your freedom sometimes
+
+166
+00:07:32.550 --> 00:07:34.470
+requires a sacrifice sometimes a big
+
+167
+00:07:34.470 --> 00:07:38.640
+sacrifice as at Lexington sometimes but
+
+168
+00:07:38.640 --> 00:07:41.580
+but in our campaign they tend to be
+
+169
+00:07:41.580 --> 00:07:45.270
+little sacrifices anybody with a little
+
+170
+00:07:45.270 --> 00:07:46.740
+bit of maturity can make these
+
+171
+00:07:46.740 --> 00:07:49.590
+sacrifices for instance you want
+
+172
+00:07:49.590 --> 00:07:51.660
+applications but some of them are
+
+173
+00:07:51.660 --> 00:07:55.360
+non-free if you want freedom you got it do without them
+
+174
+00:07:55.360 --> 00:07:57.840
+so there may be some inconvenience is
+
+175
+00:07:57.840 --> 00:08:00.120
+you have to suffer for your freedom sake
+
+176
+00:08:00.120 --> 00:08:04.830
+then many websites send non-free
+
+177
+00:08:04.830 --> 00:08:07.680
+programs written in JavaScript to the
+
+178
+00:08:07.680 --> 00:08:09.990
+users browser if you don't want to run
+
+179
+00:08:09.990 --> 00:08:11.940
+non-free programs you should install
+
+180
+00:08:11.940 --> 00:08:15.490
+libre jas which blocks keeps out
+
+181
+00:08:15.490 --> 00:08:18.450
+non-free javascript and sometimes
+
+182
+00:08:18.450 --> 00:08:21.780
+servers will offer to do your computing
+
+183
+00:08:21.780 --> 00:08:24.510
+they say send us all your data obviously
+
+184
+00:08:24.510 --> 00:08:25.800
+for suckers
+
+185
+00:08:25.800 --> 00:08:28.240
+then the server does the computing and
+
+186
+00:08:28.240 --> 00:08:30.550
+sends you back the results but you're
+
+187
+00:08:30.550 --> 00:08:32.130
+not supposed to think about what's
+
+188
+00:08:32.130 --> 00:08:34.920
+happening because it's a cloud and you
+
+189
+00:08:34.920 --> 00:08:37.380
+don't see what's going on
+
+190
+00:08:37.380 --> 00:08:38.860
+well you should look it's
+
+191
+00:08:38.860 --> 00:08:41.490
+software-as-a-service as a software
+
+192
+00:08:41.490 --> 00:08:44.290
+substitute and it takes away control of
+
+193
+00:08:44.290 --> 00:08:48.630
+your computing so a large fraction of
+
+194
+00:08:48.630 --> 00:08:51.330
+the world's web servers are running do /
+
+195
+00:08:51.330 --> 00:08:53.890
+lanoxin other free software but i think the
+
+196
+00:08:53.890 --> 00:08:55.450
+most important computers
+
+197
+00:08:55.450 --> 00:08:58.240
+to put freedom in our your computer's
+
+198
+00:08:58.240 --> 00:09:01.370
+not company's web servers they deserve
+
+199
+00:09:01.370 --> 00:09:04.690
+freedom also but above all its people
+
+200
+00:09:04.690 --> 00:09:07.570
+that deserve freedom so we need to
+
+201
+00:09:07.570 --> 00:09:11.290
+advance and to do that we have to cross
+
+202
+00:09:11.290 --> 00:09:13.930
+obstacles one of them is there are big
+
+203
+00:09:13.930 --> 00:09:15.700
+companies that make a lot of money by
+
+204
+00:09:15.700 --> 00:09:18.500
+having control over users and they don't
+
+205
+00:09:18.500 --> 00:09:20.500
+want to let us advance we have to
+
+206
+00:09:20.500 --> 00:09:22.750
+overcome their opposition
+
+207
+00:09:22.750 --> 00:09:25.240
+another is that the mainstream media
+
+208
+00:09:25.240 --> 00:09:27.820
+don't talk about free software they have
+
+209
+00:09:27.820 --> 00:09:30.860
+a term that they use to bury these
+
+210
+00:09:30.860 --> 00:09:33.680
+ethical issues they say open source
+
+211
+00:09:33.680 --> 00:09:35.930
+instead now
+
+212
+00:09:35.930 --> 00:09:37.870
+it talks about more or less the same
+
+213
+00:09:37.870 --> 00:09:41.620
+programs but with different ideas where
+
+214
+00:09:41.620 --> 00:09:44.590
+free software activists say this is a
+
+215
+00:09:44.590 --> 00:09:46.330
+matter of right and wrong users deserve
+
+216
+00:09:46.330 --> 00:09:48.760
+freedom we demand freedom the people say
+
+217
+00:09:48.760 --> 00:09:50.740
+open source data once say that
+
+218
+00:09:50.740 --> 00:09:53.830
+so instead they say let the users change
+
+219
+00:09:53.830 --> 00:09:55.970
+the software and redistribute it and
+
+220
+00:09:55.970 --> 00:09:58.180
+they'll make the code better they'll fix
+
+221
+00:09:58.180 --> 00:09:59.170
+some bugs
+
+222
+00:09:59.170 --> 00:10:01.900
+it may be true but it's a less important issue if
+
+223
+00:10:01.900 --> 00:10:03.190
+we want to keep our freedom
+
+224
+00:10:03.190 --> 00:10:05.260
+we've got to talk about freedom so say
+
+225
+00:10:05.260 --> 00:10:07.450
+free software and you're helping us
+
+226
+00:10:07.450 --> 00:10:09.880
+every time another obstacle is that lots
+
+227
+00:10:09.880 --> 00:10:12.820
+of schools teach non-free software which
+
+228
+00:10:12.820 --> 00:10:15.500
+is basically like teaching the kids to
+
+229
+00:10:15.500 --> 00:10:17.830
+smoke tobacco it's implanting dependence
+
+230
+00:10:17.830 --> 00:10:19.630
+which is the opposite of what school
+
+231
+00:10:19.630 --> 00:10:22.690
+should do a school should prepare
+
+232
+00:10:22.690 --> 00:10:27.110
+citizens to live in a strong capable
+
+233
+00:10:27.110 --> 00:10:30.110
+independent cooperating and free society
+
+234
+00:10:30.110 --> 00:10:33.520
+which means teaching free software in
+
+235
+00:10:33.520 --> 00:10:35.770
+the school but there's another reason to
+
+236
+00:10:35.770 --> 00:10:38.740
+do that for education some kids want to
+
+237
+00:10:38.740 --> 00:10:40.850
+become programmers they're curious they
+
+238
+00:10:40.850 --> 00:10:42.760
+wantto know how the programs work well
+
+239
+00:10:42.760 --> 00:10:44.120
+the one who's studying a free software
+
+240
+00:10:44.120 --> 00:10:46.550
+can understand it the one who's studying
+
+241
+00:10:46.550 --> 00:10:48.670
+a non-free program can't learn anything
+
+242
+00:10:48.670 --> 00:10:52.240
+because the knowledge in the non-free
+
+243
+00:10:52.240 --> 00:10:55.420
+program is withheld denied to the
+
+244
+00:10:55.420 --> 00:10:57.800
+students so to uphold the spirit of
+
+245
+00:10:57.800 --> 00:10:59.830
+Education the school should make sure
+
+246
+00:10:59.830 --> 00:11:01.870
+its programs are free but there's an
+
+247
+00:11:01.870 --> 00:11:04.540
+even more important reason schools
+
+248
+00:11:04.540 --> 00:11:06.880
+should teach the spirit of goodwill
+
+249
+00:11:06.880 --> 00:11:09.790
+the habit of helping other people so the
+
+250
+00:11:09.790 --> 00:11:12.370
+class should say if you bring a program
+
+251
+00:11:12.370 --> 00:11:14.950
+to class just as if you bring cookies to
+
+252
+00:11:14.950 --> 00:11:15.730
+class
+
+253
+00:11:15.730 --> 00:11:17.230
+you've got to share it with everyone
+
+254
+00:11:17.230 --> 00:11:19.870
+else can't keep it to yourself you gotta
+
+255
+00:11:19.870 --> 00:11:22.270
+share the source code so other people
+
+256
+00:11:22.270 --> 00:11:24.820
+can learn so don't bring any proprietary
+
+257
+00:11:24.820 --> 00:11:26.830
+software to this class
+
+258
+00:11:26.830 --> 00:11:29.920
+the school has to set a good example by
+
+259
+00:11:29.920 --> 00:11:32.740
+following its own rule should bring only
+
+260
+00:11:32.740 --> 00:11:35.620
+free software to class except as a
+
+261
+00:11:35.620 --> 00:11:39.700
+reverse engineering exercise another
+
+262
+00:11:39.700 --> 00:11:42.350
+obstacle is there's hardware we don't
+
+263
+00:11:42.350 --> 00:11:43.990
+know how to write free software for
+
+264
+00:11:43.990 --> 00:11:46.270
+because they won't tell us how to use
+
+265
+00:11:46.270 --> 00:11:48.850
+the hardware that shocking they want to
+
+266
+00:11:48.850 --> 00:11:51.100
+sell you the product and they won't tell
+
+267
+00:11:51.100 --> 00:11:52.300
+you how to use it
+
+268
+00:11:52.300 --> 00:11:54.820
+they say here's a non-free program you
+
+269
+00:11:54.820 --> 00:11:57.250
+can use run it and shut up
+
+270
+00:11:57.250 --> 00:12:00.910
+don't bother us well how do we find out
+
+271
+00:12:00.910 --> 00:12:02.770
+how to run that hardware with reverse
+
+272
+00:12:02.770 --> 00:12:05.890
+engineering you gotta study all those
+
+273
+00:12:05.890 --> 00:12:07.450
+zeroes and ones to figure out what they
+
+274
+00:12:07.450 --> 00:12:10.660
+really do and write down how to use that
+
+275
+00:12:10.660 --> 00:12:12.610
+hardware so someone else can write the
+
+276
+00:12:12.610 --> 00:12:15.730
+free program to do it it's hard work but
+
+277
+00:12:15.730 --> 00:12:17.620
+it can be done if you want to make a big
+
+278
+00:12:17.620 --> 00:12:19.990
+technical contribution that's what you
+
+279
+00:12:19.990 --> 00:12:24.130
+should do each new area activity of life
+
+280
+00:12:24.130 --> 00:12:27.520
+can bring with it new human rights that
+
+281
+00:12:27.520 --> 00:12:29.890
+are necessary and the human rights
+
+282
+00:12:29.890 --> 00:12:32.860
+depend on each other if you lose one it
+
+283
+00:12:32.860 --> 00:12:35.800
+becomes harder to maintain the others so
+
+284
+00:12:35.800 --> 00:12:38.830
+nowadays computing is so important in
+
+285
+00:12:38.830 --> 00:12:41.140
+society that the freedoms of free
+
+286
+00:12:41.140 --> 00:12:44.170
+software are among the human rights that
+
+287
+00:12:44.170 --> 00:12:47.290
+society must establish and protect us
+
+288
+00:12:47.290 --> 00:12:49.660
+how to help
+
+289
+00:12:49.660 --> 00:12:51.860
+well you can write free software you can
+
+290
+00:12:51.860 --> 00:12:55.540
+organize groups to campaign and persuade
+
+291
+00:12:55.540 --> 00:12:57.350
+schools and governments to move to free
+
+292
+00:12:57.350 --> 00:12:59.740
+software you can help other people when
+
+293
+00:12:59.740 --> 00:13:01.930
+they have trouble using free software or
+
+294
+00:13:01.930 --> 00:13:05.170
+help them install it you can say free
+
+295
+00:13:05.170 --> 00:13:06.980
+software and spread the philosophical
+
+296
+00:13:06.980 --> 00:13:10.900
+ideas moving to free software is the
+
+297
+00:13:10.900 --> 00:13:13.270
+first step in the liberation of cyberspace
+
+298
+00:13:13.270 --> 00:13:15.160
+but of course we also use the internet
+
+299
+00:13:15.160 --> 00:13:17.200
+we need other freedoms they're like
+
+300
+00:13:17.200 --> 00:13:19.400
+network neutrality and
+
+301
+00:13:19.400 --> 00:13:22.910
+putting an end to surveillance of people
+
+302
+00:13:22.910 --> 00:13:24.640
+in general
diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/portuguese.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/portuguese.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..458da55 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/portuguese.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,1103 @@ +WEBVTT
+
+1
+00:00:10.943 --> 00:00:17.986
+O software livre é a primeira batalha +na liberação do ciberespaço.
+
+2
+00:00:17.986 --> 00:00:20.318
+Quem controla o seu computador?
+
+3
+00:00:20.318 --> 00:00:25.902
+É você ou alguma grande empresa +que realmente o controla?
+
+4
+00:00:25.902 --> 00:00:27.997
+O que é um computador?
+
+5
+00:00:27.997 --> 00:00:31.144
+Um computador é uma máquina universal.
+
+6
+00:00:31.664 --> 00:00:35.172
+Ele vai computar qualquer coisa +que você quiser
+
+7
+00:00:35.172 --> 00:00:37.285
+porque você dá a ele um programa que diz
+
+8
+00:00:37.285 --> 00:00:40.287
+o que deverá ser computado.
+
+9
+00:00:40.287 --> 00:00:44.600
+O computador só sabe +como conseguir instruções e executá-las,
+
+10
+00:00:44.600 --> 00:00:46.522
+e conseguir mais instruções e executá-las.
+
+11
+00:00:46.522 --> 00:00:50.591
+O programa tem as instruções, +ele diz o que fazer.
+
+12
+00:00:50.591 --> 00:00:55.256
+Criando o programa certo, +você deixa ele fazer de tudo.
+
+13
+00:00:55.256 --> 00:00:56.824
+Bem, quase tudo.
+
+14
+00:00:58.140 --> 00:01:00.853
+Que dá as instruções ao seu computador?
+
+15
+00:01:00.853 --> 00:01:04.495
+Você pode pensar que ele está +obedecendo suas instruções
+
+16
+00:01:04.495 --> 00:01:07.777
+quando ele está obedecendo +outra pessoa primeiro,
+
+17
+00:01:07.778 --> 00:01:13.624
+e a você somente na medida +em que a empresa escutá-lo.
+
+18
+00:01:14.224 --> 00:01:16.256
+Com software, há duas possibilidades:
+
+19
+00:01:16.256 --> 00:01:21.747
+Ou os usuários controlam o programa, +ou acontece o contrário.
+
+20
+00:01:21.747 --> 00:01:24.119
+É um ou outro, inevitavelmente.
+
+21
+00:01:24.119 --> 00:01:27.329
+Para que os usuários controlem o programa,
+
+22
+00:01:27.329 --> 00:01:30.308
+eles precisam das quatro +liberdades essenciais.
+
+23
+00:01:31.118 --> 00:01:34.698
+Essa é a definição de um software livre.
+
+24
+00:01:34.698 --> 00:01:38.583
+O software livre respeita a liberdade +do usuário e da comunidade.
+
+25
+00:01:38.583 --> 00:01:43.874
+Geralmente o chamamos "libre", +usando a palavra em francês ou espanhol.
+
+26
+00:01:43.874 --> 00:01:45.988
+De qualquer forma, +é isso que queremos dizer.
+
+27
+00:01:45.989 --> 00:01:48.925
+Não queremos dizer que é grátis, +não se trata de preço.
+
+28
+00:01:48.925 --> 00:01:51.217
+Estamos preocupados com a sua liberdade,
+
+29
+00:01:51.217 --> 00:01:55.250
+e, às vezes, dizemos "libre/livre" +para mostrar isso.
+
+30
+00:01:55.250 --> 00:01:58.475
+Liberdade zero é a liberdade +para utilizar o programa
+
+31
+00:01:58.475 --> 00:02:01.270
+como você desejar +e para qualquer propósito.
+
+32
+00:02:01.270 --> 00:02:05.310
+Liberdade um é a que permite o estudo +do código-fonte do programa
+
+33
+00:02:05.320 --> 00:02:10.269
+e poder mudá-lo, +para computar o que você quiser.
+
+34
+00:02:10.270 --> 00:02:11.752
+Mas o que é o código-fonte?
+
+35
+00:02:11.752 --> 00:02:14.787
+Os programas normalmente +terão duas formas.
+
+36
+00:02:14.787 --> 00:02:17.367
+Uma forma que você pode ler,
+
+37
+00:02:17.367 --> 00:02:20.680
+e entender se você sabe +a linguagem de programação.
+
+38
+00:02:20.681 --> 00:02:22.306
+Esta é a fonte.
+
+39
+00:02:22.306 --> 00:02:24.708
+É isso que os programadores +escrevem e mudam.
+
+40
+00:02:24.708 --> 00:02:27.250
+Há também a executável, +que é um monte de números
+
+41
+00:02:27.250 --> 00:02:29.914
+que até um programador não entende.
+
+42
+00:02:29.914 --> 00:02:31.801
+Se você só tem o executável,
+
+43
+00:02:31.801 --> 00:02:35.117
+é um trabalho enorme +descobrir o que ele faz,
+
+44
+00:02:35.117 --> 00:02:37.240
+e é ainda mais difícil mudá-lo.
+
+45
+00:02:37.240 --> 00:02:41.137
+Então, para se ter a possibilidade +real de estudá-lo e mudá-loa,
+
+46
+00:02:41.137 --> 00:02:43.322
+é necessário que lhe deem +o código-fonte.
+
+47
+00:02:43.322 --> 00:02:44.919
+Isto é um requisito essencial.
+
+48
+00:02:44.919 --> 00:02:47.456
+Com essas duas liberdades,
+
+49
+00:02:47.456 --> 00:02:50.588
+cada usuário, separadamente, +pode fazer uma cópia
+
+50
+00:02:50.588 --> 00:02:54.317
+e começar a mudá-la +para que ele faça o que ele quer.
+
+51
+00:02:54.317 --> 00:02:56.986
+Isto é o controle individual.
+
+52
+00:02:56.986 --> 00:02:59.224
+Mas e se você não for um programador?
+
+53
+00:02:59.224 --> 00:03:02.180
+Você olha para o código-fonte +e não o entende.
+
+54
+00:03:02.190 --> 00:03:04.791
+Controle individual não é o suficiente.
+
+55
+00:03:04.791 --> 00:03:07.720
+Também precisamos de controle coletivo,
+
+56
+00:03:07.720 --> 00:03:09.851
+que quer dizer que qualquer grupo +de usuários tem liberdade
+
+57
+00:03:09.851 --> 00:03:13.216
+para unir esforços e adaptar o programa +para fazer o que eles quiserem.
+
+58
+00:03:13.216 --> 00:03:16.192
+Claro que, no grupo, +alguns deles são programadores.
+
+59
+00:03:16.192 --> 00:03:18.890
+Eles são os que escrevem as modificações,
+
+60
+00:03:18.890 --> 00:03:22.757
+mas fazem isso como parte do grupo +e para o propósito dele.
+
+61
+00:03:22.758 --> 00:03:25.312
+Claro que o grupo não +tem que ser todo mundo.
+
+62
+00:03:25.312 --> 00:03:28.390
+Outros podem utilizá-lo +de algum outro modo.
+
+63
+00:03:28.390 --> 00:03:29.690
+Todos estão livres para fazê-lo.
+
+64
+00:03:29.691 --> 00:03:33.717
+Controle coletivo requer +mais duas liberdades essenciais.
+
+65
+00:03:33.717 --> 00:03:37.154
+A liberdade dois é a que permite +redistribuir cópias idênticas,
+
+66
+00:03:37.154 --> 00:03:41.190
+fazer as cópias e distribuí-las +ou vendê-las se preferir.
+
+67
+00:03:41.190 --> 00:03:45.486
+A liberdade três é parecida, +mas é para versões modificadas.
+
+68
+00:03:45.486 --> 00:03:49.387
+Você pode fazer cópias, e então +distribuí-las ou vendê-las se quiser.
+
+69
+00:03:49.387 --> 00:03:52.447
+Se você tem essas liberdades, +então o software é livre,
+
+70
+00:03:52.447 --> 00:03:54.525
+e os usuários controlam o programa.
+
+71
+00:03:54.525 --> 00:03:59.523
+Mas se alguma delas falta, +os usuários não controlam o programa.
+
+72
+00:03:59.523 --> 00:04:05.329
+Nesse caso o programa controla o usuário +e o desenvolvedor controla o programa.
+
+73
+00:04:05.330 --> 00:04:10.768
+Isso quer dizer que o programa +é um instrumento de poder injusto
+
+74
+00:04:10.768 --> 00:04:14.783
+para seu desenvolvedor sobre os usuários.
+
+75
+00:04:14.783 --> 00:04:17.620
+Quer dizer que os usuários +não têm liberdade,
+
+76
+00:04:17.620 --> 00:04:22.910
+que é software particular e privado, +e temos que nos livrar dele.
+
+77
+00:04:22.910 --> 00:04:25.488
+O que acontece quando +se tem um software privado?
+
+78
+00:04:25.488 --> 00:04:29.390
+Às vezes, o programa bisbilhota o usuário.
+
+79
+00:04:29.390 --> 00:04:32.498
+Às vezes, ele rastreia o usuário.
+
+80
+00:04:32.498 --> 00:04:35.522
+Às vezes, restringe o usuário,
+
+81
+00:04:35.522 --> 00:04:38.320
+e o impede de fazer o que ele quer fazer.
+
+82
+00:04:38.321 --> 00:04:41.199
+Veja que o "Blu-ray" é seu inimigo.
+
+83
+00:04:41.199 --> 00:04:42.331
+(Risos)
+
+84
+00:04:42.331 --> 00:04:46.146
+Às vezes, o software deleta +livros remotamente
+
+85
+00:04:46.146 --> 00:04:49.356
+como a Amazon fez com o "1984".
+
+86
+00:04:49.356 --> 00:04:54.947
+Às vezes, o desenvolvedor +força os usuários
+
+87
+00:04:54.947 --> 00:04:58.658
+a instalar uma atualização prejudicial,
+
+88
+00:04:58.658 --> 00:05:01.191
+ameaçando remover uma outra função
+
+89
+00:05:01.191 --> 00:05:04.943
+se não for feita a instalação, +como a Sony fez.
+
+90
+00:05:04.944 --> 00:05:09.661
+Às vezes, ele até mudam +o software à distância
+
+91
+00:05:09.661 --> 00:05:14.885
+como a Microsoft faz com o Windows +pela porta dos fundos universal.
+
+92
+00:05:14.885 --> 00:05:18.489
+Às vezes ele sabotam os usuários,
+
+93
+00:05:18.489 --> 00:05:22.792
+como a Microsoft faz quando reporta +os bugs no Windows à NSA,
+
+94
+00:05:22.792 --> 00:05:27.323
+para que ela usar isto para atacar +os computadores das pessoas.
+
+95
+00:05:27.323 --> 00:05:30.969
+A verdade é que com software proprietário,
+
+96
+00:05:30.969 --> 00:05:33.724
+o dono tem poder sobre os usuários,
+
+97
+00:05:33.724 --> 00:05:36.233
+e tira vantagem desse poder,
+
+98
+00:05:36.233 --> 00:05:40.850
+incluindo todas aquelas +funcionalidades maliciosas
+
+99
+00:05:40.850 --> 00:05:42.251
+para prejudicar os usuários.
+
+100
+00:05:42.252 --> 00:05:45.480
+Claro que não fazem isso +porque são sádicos,
+
+101
+00:05:45.480 --> 00:05:47.918
+só o fazem por dinheiro e ganância.
+
+102
+00:05:47.918 --> 00:05:53.872
+Há muitas formas de lucrarem +com este poder sobre os usuários,
+
+103
+00:05:53.872 --> 00:05:58.584
+o que não o faz nem um +pouco menos prejudicial.
+
+104
+00:05:58.584 --> 00:06:00.420
+Mas eles não se envergonham disso.
+
+105
+00:06:00.420 --> 00:06:04.252
+Têm conferências em que falam +das formas mais modernas
+
+106
+00:06:04.252 --> 00:06:08.457
+de tirar vantagem dos usuários +usando o poder que têm.
+
+107
+00:06:08.457 --> 00:06:11.349
+Basicamente, no software proprietário,
+
+108
+00:06:11.350 --> 00:06:16.300
+o que acontece com quase todos +os seus usuários,
+
+109
+00:06:16.300 --> 00:06:19.510
+é que eles estão usando +malware proprietário.
+
+110
+00:06:19.520 --> 00:06:21.253
+É o "software para idiotas".
+
+111
+00:06:21.253 --> 00:06:25.114
+Como você deixa de ser a vítima?
+
+112
+00:06:25.114 --> 00:06:29.190
+Antes, você tinha que parar +de usar computadores, mas agora não.
+
+113
+00:06:29.190 --> 00:06:33.615
+Agora, você poder se juntar a nós +no mundo livre que criamos.
+
+114
+00:06:33.615 --> 00:06:37.870
+Em 1983, anunciei que eu ia desenvolver
+
+115
+00:06:37.870 --> 00:06:42.860
+um software de sistema operacional +totalmente livre chamado GNU.
+
+116
+00:06:42.860 --> 00:06:45.589
+Em 1992, o tínhamos quase acabado,
+
+117
+00:06:45.589 --> 00:06:48.353
+mas faltava uma peça, o kernel.
+
+118
+00:06:48.353 --> 00:06:52.690
+Linus Torvalds, naquele ano, +liberou seu kernel, o Linux,
+
+119
+00:06:52.690 --> 00:06:54.824
+o que preencheu a última +lacuna e nos deu
+
+120
+00:06:54.824 --> 00:07:00.316
+o primeiro sistema completo que +você poderia rodar num PC: o GNU/Linux.
+
+121
+00:07:00.316 --> 00:07:07.349
+Infelizmente, ter liberdade uma vez +não garante que você vai mantê-la.
+
+122
+00:07:07.350 --> 00:07:11.658
+Há mais de mil variantes do GNU/Linux.
+
+123
+00:07:11.658 --> 00:07:13.577
+Se chamam distribuições.
+
+124
+00:07:13.577 --> 00:07:16.336
+Algumas são software totalmente livre,
+
+125
+00:07:16.336 --> 00:07:19.289
+a maioria tem software +não-livre adicionado,
+
+126
+00:07:19.289 --> 00:07:23.240
+porque são mantidas por pessoas +que não liga para liberdade.
+
+127
+00:07:23.240 --> 00:07:27.900
+Preferem adicionar conveniência +às custas da liberdade.
+
+128
+00:07:27.900 --> 00:07:30.938
+Então você tem que conferir, +qual é uma distribuição grátis.
+
+129
+00:07:30.938 --> 00:07:34.500
+Para manter sua liberdade, +às vezes você precisa de um sacrifício,
+
+130
+00:07:34.500 --> 00:07:38.190
+que pode ser grande, como na Lexington.
+
+131
+00:07:38.190 --> 00:07:44.220
+os da nossa campanha são, +geralmente, sacrifícios pequenos.
+
+132
+00:07:44.220 --> 00:07:48.516
+Qualquer um com um pouco de maturidade +pode fazer esses sacrifícios.
+
+133
+00:07:48.516 --> 00:07:52.890
+Por exemplo, você quer aplicações, +mas a maioria não é de graça.
+
+134
+00:07:52.890 --> 00:07:55.623
+Se você quer liberdade, +tem que viver sem elas.
+
+135
+00:07:55.624 --> 00:07:58.293
+Pode haver algumas inconveniências
+
+136
+00:07:58.293 --> 00:08:01.661
+que você sofrerá por causa +da sua liberdade.
+
+137
+00:08:01.661 --> 00:08:06.320
+Muitos websites mandam +programas não-livres,
+
+138
+00:08:06.320 --> 00:08:09.100
+escritos em JavaScript, +para o navegador do usuário.
+
+139
+00:08:09.100 --> 00:08:11.288
+Se você não quer executar +programas não-livres,
+
+140
+00:08:11.288 --> 00:08:14.850
+deve instalar o LibreJS,
+
+141
+00:08:14.850 --> 00:08:17.882
+que bloqueia e mantêm +JavaScript não-livre de fora.
+
+142
+00:08:17.882 --> 00:08:22.557
+Às vezes, os servidores se oferecem +para computar seus dados.
+
+143
+00:08:22.557 --> 00:08:24.590
+Dizem: "Envie-nos seus dados."
+
+144
+00:08:24.590 --> 00:08:26.349
+Para idiotas, obviamente.
+
+145
+00:08:26.349 --> 00:08:30.483
+Então o servidor faz a computação, +e te envia de volta os dados.
+
+146
+00:08:30.483 --> 00:08:33.115
+Mas você não deve pensar +sobre o que está acontecendo,
+
+147
+00:08:33.115 --> 00:08:37.640
+porque é uma "nuvem", e você +não vê o que está se passando.
+
+148
+00:08:37.640 --> 00:08:39.253
+Bom, você deveria dar uma olhada.
+
+149
+00:08:39.253 --> 00:08:41.787
+É um serviço que substitui o software,
+
+150
+00:08:41.787 --> 00:08:46.151
+e toma o controle do seu computador.
+
+151
+00:08:46.151 --> 00:08:50.224
+Grande parte dos servidores da internet
+
+152
+00:08:50.225 --> 00:08:53.290
+está rodando GNU/Linux +e outros softwares livres.
+
+153
+00:08:53.290 --> 00:08:57.706
+Mas acho que os principais computadores +a terem liberdade devem ser
+
+154
+00:08:57.706 --> 00:09:01.210
+os seus computadores, +e não servidores empresariais.
+
+155
+00:09:01.210 --> 00:09:02.824
+Eles também merecem liberdade.
+
+156
+00:09:02.824 --> 00:09:06.117
+Mas acima de tudo, são as pessoas +que merecem liberdade.
+
+157
+00:09:06.118 --> 00:09:09.620
+Por isso precisamos avançar,
+
+158
+00:09:09.620 --> 00:09:12.618
+e para isso temos que superar obstáculos.
+
+159
+00:09:12.618 --> 00:09:14.861
+Um deles é que há grandes empresas
+
+160
+00:09:14.861 --> 00:09:17.915
+que ganham muito dinheiro +controlando os usuários.
+
+161
+00:09:17.916 --> 00:09:20.119
+Elas não querem que avancemos.
+
+162
+00:09:20.119 --> 00:09:23.117
+Temos de superar esta oposição.
+
+163
+00:09:23.117 --> 00:09:27.454
+Outro é que a grande mídia +não fala sobre software livre.
+
+164
+00:09:27.454 --> 00:09:32.587
+Eles usam um termo +para enterrar estar questões éticas.
+
+165
+00:09:32.587 --> 00:09:35.391
+Eles chamam de "Código Aberto".
+
+166
+00:09:35.391 --> 00:09:39.589
+Isso se trata mais ou menos +dos mesmos programas,
+
+167
+00:09:39.589 --> 00:09:41.615
+mas com ideias diferentes.
+
+168
+00:09:41.615 --> 00:09:43.884
+Quando os ativistas de +software livre dizem:
+
+169
+00:09:43.884 --> 00:09:45.891
+"Esta é uma questão de certo e errado.
+
+170
+00:09:45.891 --> 00:09:47.998
+Usuários merecem liberdade, a exigimos."
+
+171
+00:09:47.999 --> 00:09:50.982
+As pessoas que dizem "código aberto" +não querem dizer o mesmo.
+
+172
+00:09:50.982 --> 00:09:52.382
+Em vez disso dizem:
+
+173
+00:09:52.382 --> 00:09:56.151
+"Os usuários podem modificar +e redistribuir o software,
+
+174
+00:09:56.152 --> 00:09:58.910
+e eles melhorarão o código."
+
+175
+00:09:58.910 --> 00:09:59.440
+Vão consertar alguns bugs.
+
+176
+00:09:59.480 --> 00:10:01.947
+Talvez seja verdade, +mas isso não é tão importante.
+
+177
+00:10:01.947 --> 00:10:05.810
+Se queremos manter nossa liberdade, +temos que falar de liberdade.
+
+178
+00:10:05.810 --> 00:10:08.652
+Então diga "software livre" +e você estará nos ajudando sempre.
+
+179
+00:10:08.652 --> 00:10:12.873
+Outro obstáculo é que muitas escolas +ensinam os softwares não-livres,
+
+180
+00:10:12.873 --> 00:10:16.455
+que é basicamente o mesmo +que ensinar crianças a fumar.
+
+181
+00:10:16.455 --> 00:10:18.382
+É uma implantação de dependência,
+
+182
+00:10:18.382 --> 00:10:20.722
+o oposto do que escolas deveriam fazer.
+
+183
+00:10:20.722 --> 00:10:24.730
+Uma escola deveria preparar +os cidadãos para viverem
+
+184
+00:10:24.730 --> 00:10:31.810
+numa sociedade forte, capaz, +independente, cooperativa e livre,
+
+185
+00:10:31.810 --> 00:10:34.689
+o que significa que deveriam +ensinar software livre nas escolas.
+
+186
+00:10:34.689 --> 00:10:37.623
+Mas há outra razão +para fazer isso pela educação.
+
+187
+00:10:37.624 --> 00:10:40.691
+Algumas crianças querem ser +programadoras, são curiosas.
+
+188
+00:10:40.691 --> 00:10:42.785
+Querem saber como os programas funcionam.
+
+189
+00:10:42.785 --> 00:10:45.911
+Enquanto uma que estuda +software livre consegue entendê-lo,
+
+190
+00:10:45.912 --> 00:10:49.452
+a que estuda um programa +não livre não aprende nada,
+
+191
+00:10:49.452 --> 00:10:53.316
+porque o conhecimento no +programa não-livre
+
+192
+00:10:53.316 --> 00:10:56.683
+é mantido escondido, negado aos alunos.
+
+193
+00:10:56.683 --> 00:10:59.230
+Assim para apoiar o espírito da educação,
+
+194
+00:10:59.230 --> 00:11:01.756
+a escola deveria assegurar +que os programas sejam livres.
+
+195
+00:11:01.756 --> 00:11:03.745
+Há uma razão ainda mais importante:
+
+196
+00:11:03.745 --> 00:11:07.187
+Escolas deveriam ensinar +o espírito da boa-vontade,
+
+197
+00:11:07.187 --> 00:11:09.520
+o hábito de ajudar os outros.
+
+198
+00:11:09.520 --> 00:11:11.322
+A aula deveria dizer:
+
+199
+00:11:11.322 --> 00:11:13.726
+"Se você trouxer um programa para a aula,
+
+200
+00:11:13.726 --> 00:11:15.882
+do mesmo modo que acontece com biscoitos,
+
+201
+00:11:15.882 --> 00:11:18.287
+você terá que compartilhar com os outros.
+
+202
+00:11:18.288 --> 00:11:19.785
+Não poderá ficar com tudo.
+
+203
+00:11:19.785 --> 00:11:23.824
+Terá que compartilhar o código-fonte, +para que os outros aprendam.
+
+204
+00:11:23.824 --> 00:11:27.830
+Então não traga um software +proprietário para a aula."
+
+205
+00:11:27.830 --> 00:11:32.890
+A escola tem que dar um bom exemplo +seguindo a própria regra:
+
+206
+00:11:32.890 --> 00:11:34.782
+só se pode trazer software +livre para a aula,
+
+207
+00:11:34.782 --> 00:11:39.534
+com exceção de um exercício +de engenharia reversa.
+
+208
+00:11:39.534 --> 00:11:41.949
+Outro obstáculo é que existem hardwares
+
+209
+00:11:41.949 --> 00:11:44.846
+para os quais não sabemos criar softwares,
+
+210
+00:11:44.846 --> 00:11:47.622
+porque não nos dizem +como se usa o hardware.
+
+211
+00:11:47.622 --> 00:11:50.387
+Isso é chocante. Querem +te vender o produto,
+
+212
+00:11:50.388 --> 00:11:52.489
+mas não te ensinam a usá-lo.
+
+213
+00:11:52.489 --> 00:11:55.950
+Dizem: "Aqui está um programa +não livre que você pode usar.
+
+214
+00:11:55.950 --> 00:11:59.583
+Use-o, e fique calado. Não nos incomode."
+
+215
+00:11:59.583 --> 00:12:04.820
+Como descobrimos como se usa o hardware +com a engenharia reversa?
+
+216
+00:12:04.820 --> 00:12:08.681
+Estude todos os zeros e uns para +descobrir o que eles realmente fazem,
+
+217
+00:12:08.681 --> 00:12:11.590
+e escreva como se usa este hardware,
+
+218
+00:12:11.590 --> 00:12:14.482
+para que outra pessoa possa +escrever o programa que o faça.
+
+219
+00:12:14.482 --> 00:12:16.925
+É difícil, mas pode ser feito,
+
+220
+00:12:16.926 --> 00:12:19.455
+se você quiser fazer uma grande +contribuição técnica,
+
+221
+00:12:19.455 --> 00:12:21.515
+é isso que deve fazer.
+
+222
+00:12:21.515 --> 00:12:24.786
+Cada área nova, ou atividade na vida,
+
+223
+00:12:24.786 --> 00:12:29.890
+pode trazer junto novos +e necessários direitos humanos .
+
+224
+00:12:29.890 --> 00:12:31.518
+Os direitos humanos dependem um do outro.
+
+225
+00:12:31.518 --> 00:12:35.711
+Se você perder um, +é mais difícil manter os outros.
+
+226
+00:12:35.711 --> 00:12:39.854
+Então hoje, a computação +é tão importante na sociedade
+
+227
+00:12:39.854 --> 00:12:44.214
+que as liberdades do software livre +estão entre os direitos humanos
+
+228
+00:12:44.214 --> 00:12:47.322
+que a sociedade deve +estabelecer e proteger.
+
+229
+00:12:47.322 --> 00:12:49.908
+Assim, como ajudar?
+
+230
+00:12:49.908 --> 00:12:51.918
+Você pode criar software livre.
+
+231
+00:12:51.918 --> 00:12:54.616
+Pode organizar grupos +para fazer campanhas,
+
+232
+00:12:54.616 --> 00:12:58.285
+e persuadir escolas e governos +a mudar para softwares livres.
+
+233
+00:12:58.285 --> 00:13:01.951
+Você pode ajudar os outros quando +tiverem problemas usando software livre,
+
+234
+00:13:01.951 --> 00:13:03.849
+ou ajudá-los a instalá-lo.
+
+235
+00:13:03.849 --> 00:13:08.713
+Pode dizer "software livre", +e espalhar as ideias filosóficas.
+
+236
+00:13:08.713 --> 00:13:11.391
+A transição para o software livre +é o primeiro passo
+
+237
+00:13:11.391 --> 00:13:15.670
+na liberação do ciberespaço, +mas claro que também usamos a internet.
+
+238
+00:13:15.671 --> 00:13:17.551
+Precisamos de outras liberdades nela,
+
+239
+00:13:17.551 --> 00:13:20.850
+como a neutralidade da rede, e pôr um fim
+
+240
+00:13:20.850 --> 00:13:25.167
+na espionagem das pessoas em geral.
+
+241
+00:13:25.167 --> 00:13:33.510
+(Aplausos)
+
diff --git a/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/spanish.vtt b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/spanish.vtt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bb6e0c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/wp-content/uploads/pages/subtitles/2017/03/spanish.vtt @@ -0,0 +1,1130 @@ +WEBVTT
+
+1
+00:00:11.120 --> 00:00:15.140
+El software libre es la primera batalla
+
+2
+00:00:15.140 --> 00:00:18.160
+en la liberación del ciberespacio.
+
+3
+00:00:18.160 --> 00:00:20.220
+¿Quién controla tu computadora?
+
+4
+00:00:20.240 --> 00:00:25.670
+¿Eres tú o es una gran compañía
+quién realmente la controla?
+
+5
+00:00:25.770 --> 00:00:27.780
+¿Qué es una computadora?
+
+6
+00:00:27.790 --> 00:00:31.850
+Una computadora es
+una máquina universal.
+
+7
+00:00:31.870 --> 00:00:35.120
+Ejecutará cualquier cosa que pidas
+
+8
+00:00:35.120 --> 00:00:37.400
+porque le diste un programa que ordena
+
+9
+00:00:37.430 --> 00:00:40.160
+que es lo que quieres que ejecute.
+
+10
+00:00:40.170 --> 00:00:43.980
+La computadora solo sabe
+como recibir una instrucción y ejecutarla,
+
+11
+00:00:43.990 --> 00:00:46.350
+recibir otra instrucción y ejecutarla.
+
+12
+00:00:46.350 --> 00:00:50.550
+El programa tiene las instrucciones
+que dicen qué hacer.
+
+13
+00:00:50.610 --> 00:00:55.250
+Escribiendo el programa adecuado,
+puedes conseguir cualquier cosa.
+
+14
+00:00:55.250 --> 00:00:57.660
+O al menos casi todo.
+
+15
+00:00:57.670 --> 00:01:00.690
+¿Quién da las instrucciones a
+tu computadora?
+
+16
+00:01:00.720 --> 00:01:04.320
+Puedes pensar que obedece tus ordenes
+
+17
+00:01:04.350 --> 00:01:07.490
+cuando realmente obedece
+a alguien más primero,
+
+18
+00:01:07.550 --> 00:01:13.950
+y tú solo puedes ser escuchado hasta
+donde la compañía te permita.
+
+19
+00:01:13.990 --> 00:01:16.490
+Con el software,
+hay dos posibilidades:
+
+20
+00:01:16.930 --> 00:01:21.490
+Cualquiera de los usuarios controla
+el programa o este los controla a ellos.
+
+21
+00:01:21.490 --> 00:01:23.840
+Es inevitable una u otra.
+
+22
+00:01:23.890 --> 00:01:27.130
+Para que los usuarios puedan controlar el programa,
+
+23
+00:01:27.130 --> 00:01:30.920
+ellos necesitan cuatro libertades esenciales.
+
+24
+00:01:30.920 --> 00:01:34.400
+Esta es la definición de software libre.
+
+25
+00:01:34.430 --> 00:01:38.350
+El software libre respeta la libertad
+de los usuarios y de la comunidad.
+
+26
+00:01:38.360 --> 00:01:42.390
+Frecuentemente los llamamos "Libre"
+utilizando la palabra Francesa o Española.
+
+27
+00:01:42.400 --> 00:01:45.710
+Pronunciado como quieran,
+la cuestión es qué es lo que significa.
+
+28
+00:01:45.730 --> 00:01:48.790
+No queremos decir que es gratis,
+no hablamos sobre el precio.
+
+29
+00:01:48.790 --> 00:01:51.380
+Estamos preocupados por la libertad,
+
+30
+00:01:51.450 --> 00:01:55.550
+y a veces decimos
+"Free/Libre" para demostrarlo.
+
+31
+00:01:55.570 --> 00:01:58.470
+La libertad número 0
+es la de utilizar el programa
+
+32
+00:01:58.500 --> 00:02:01.230
+como quieras
+para cualquier propósito.
+
+33
+00:02:01.230 --> 00:02:05.350
+La libertad número 1 es la de estudiar
+el código fuente del programa
+
+34
+00:02:05.370 --> 00:02:09.710
+y cambiarlo, para que así
+se ejecute la orden que quieras.
+
+35
+00:02:09.730 --> 00:02:11.440
+Pero, ¿qué es el código fuente?
+
+36
+00:02:11.460 --> 00:02:14.570
+Normalmente cada programa
+tiene dos formas.
+
+37
+00:02:14.630 --> 00:02:18.390
+Hay una forma que puedes leer y entender
+
+38
+00:02:18.400 --> 00:02:20.480
+si conoces el lenguaje de programación.
+
+39
+00:02:20.520 --> 00:02:21.920
+Ese es el código fuente.
+
+40
+00:02:21.940 --> 00:02:24.320
+Es lo que los programadores
+escriben y cambian.
+
+41
+00:02:24.340 --> 00:02:27.220
+Luego, hay un ejecutable, que es
+un banco de números
+
+42
+00:02:27.220 --> 00:02:29.580
+que incluso un programador
+no puede entender.
+
+43
+00:02:29.600 --> 00:02:31.580
+Si todo lo que tienes es el ejecutable,
+
+44
+00:02:31.590 --> 00:02:34.980
+podría ser un horroroso dolor de cabeza
+imaginarse qué es lo que hace,
+
+45
+00:02:34.990 --> 00:02:36.860
+e incluso más difícil de cambiar.
+
+46
+00:02:36.870 --> 00:02:41.690
+Por lo que para tener la posibilidad real
+de estudiarlo y cambiarlo,
+
+47
+00:02:41.690 --> 00:02:42.940
+tienen que darte el código fuente.
+
+48
+00:02:42.950 --> 00:02:44.620
+Es un requisito indispensable.
+
+49
+00:02:44.620 --> 00:02:47.450
+Con estas dos libertades,
+
+50
+00:02:47.460 --> 00:02:50.300
+cada usuario puede hacer una copia
+por separado,
+
+51
+00:02:50.320 --> 00:02:54.100
+empezar a cambiarlo y hacer que ejecute la orden que quieran.
+
+52
+00:02:54.100 --> 00:02:56.740
+Eso es control individual.
+
+53
+00:02:56.750 --> 00:02:58.910
+Pero, ¿qué ocurre sino eres programador?
+
+54
+00:02:58.920 --> 00:03:01.700
+Cuando miras el código fuente
+no puedes entenderlo.
+
+55
+00:03:01.740 --> 00:03:04.780
+El control individual no es suficiente.
+
+56
+00:03:04.790 --> 00:03:06.960
+También necesitamos un control colectivo,
+
+57
+00:03:06.970 --> 00:03:10.360
+significa que cualquier grupo
+de usuarios es libre de trabajar juntos
+
+58
+00:03:10.370 --> 00:03:12.910
+para adaptar el programa a lo que quieran.
+
+59
+00:03:12.920 --> 00:03:16.260
+Por supuesto, algunos
+serán programadores.
+
+60
+00:03:16.490 --> 00:03:18.720
+Son quienes realmente
+escriben los cambios,
+
+61
+00:03:18.720 --> 00:03:20.830
+pero lo hacen como parte del grupo
+
+62
+00:03:20.850 --> 00:03:22.600
+para lo que el grupo quiere.
+
+63
+00:03:22.620 --> 00:03:25.380
+Por supuesto, el grupo no tiene
+por que ser todo el mundo.
+
+64
+00:03:25.400 --> 00:03:27.580
+Otros pueden usarlo de otra forma.
+
+65
+00:03:27.580 --> 00:03:30.130
+Todos son libres para hacer eso.
+
+66
+00:03:30.140 --> 00:03:33.500
+El control colectivo requiere dos
+libertades esenciales más.
+
+67
+00:03:33.500 --> 00:03:36.970
+La libertad número 2
+es la de redistribuir copias exactas,
+
+68
+00:03:36.970 --> 00:03:38.920
+hacer copias y redistribuirlas
+
+69
+00:03:38.940 --> 00:03:41.260
+o venderlas cuando quieras.
+
+70
+00:03:41.590 --> 00:03:43.120
+La libertad número 3 es similar,
+
+71
+00:03:43.350 --> 00:03:45.270
+pero es para tus versiones modificadas.
+
+72
+00:03:45.300 --> 00:03:49.170
+Puedes hacer copias y redistribuirlas
+o venderlas cuando quieras.
+
+73
+00:03:49.240 --> 00:03:52.200
+Si realmente tienes estas libertades,
+el software es libre,
+
+74
+00:03:52.210 --> 00:03:54.130
+los usuarios controlan el programa.
+
+75
+00:03:54.130 --> 00:03:56.780
+Pero si una de estas libertades no existe,
+
+76
+00:03:56.810 --> 00:03:59.530
+entonces los usuarios no controlan
+al programa.
+
+77
+00:03:59.530 --> 00:04:05.580
+En cambio, el programa los controla
+a ellos y el desarrollador al programa.
+
+78
+00:04:05.590 --> 00:04:10.630
+Eso significa que este programa es
+un instrumento de un poder injusto
+
+79
+00:04:10.680 --> 00:04:14.530
+del desarrollador sobre los usuarios.
+
+80
+00:04:14.560 --> 00:04:17.500
+Significa que los usuarios
+no tienen libertad,
+
+81
+00:04:17.560 --> 00:04:21.790
+eso no es libre, y es por eso tenemos
+que eliminar el software privativo.
+
+82
+00:04:21.820 --> 00:04:25.260
+¿Qué ocurre cuando tienes software
+privativo?
+
+83
+00:04:25.270 --> 00:04:29.100
+A veces el programa fisgonea al usuario.
+
+84
+00:04:29.150 --> 00:04:32.210
+A veces rastrea al usuario.
+
+85
+00:04:32.280 --> 00:04:35.230
+A veces restringe al usuario,
+
+86
+00:04:35.260 --> 00:04:38.170
+e impide a los usuarios hacer
+lo que quieren hacer.
+
+87
+00:04:38.190 --> 00:04:41.290
+Como ven el rayo azul es su enemigo.
+
+88
+00:04:41.310 --> 00:04:42.340
+(Risas)
+
+89
+00:04:42.360 --> 00:04:45.990
+A veces el software borra los libros
+remotamente
+
+90
+00:04:46.270 --> 00:04:49.110
+tal y como Amazon hizo con
+"Mil novecientos ochenta y cuatro"
+
+91
+00:04:49.130 --> 00:04:54.760
+A veces el desarrollador fuerza al usuario
+
+92
+00:04:54.840 --> 00:04:58.400
+a instalar una actualización perjudicial,
+
+93
+00:04:58.420 --> 00:05:01.520
+amenazando con eliminar alguna
+otra funcionalidad
+
+94
+00:05:01.550 --> 00:05:04.660
+si no se instala, como lo hizo
+Sony.
+
+95
+00:05:04.690 --> 00:05:09.440
+Pueden incluso cambiar por la fuerza
+el software a distancia
+
+96
+00:05:09.440 --> 00:05:14.630
+como Microsoft puede con Windows
+mediante la puerta trasera universal.
+
+97
+00:05:14.670 --> 00:05:18.170
+Incluso pueden sabotear a los usuarios,
+
+98
+00:05:18.210 --> 00:05:23.370
+como Microsoft cuando le cuenta a
+la NSA sobre fallos en Windows,
+
+99
+00:05:23.390 --> 00:05:26.670
+información que pueden usar para
+atacar las computadoras de la gente.
+
+100
+00:05:26.690 --> 00:05:30.750
+Eso es lo que básicamente tienes,
+con el software privativo,
+
+101
+00:05:30.770 --> 00:05:33.790
+el dueño tiene el poder sobre
+los usuarios,
+
+102
+00:05:33.800 --> 00:05:36.340
+y se aprovecha de este poder,
+
+103
+00:05:36.600 --> 00:05:39.900
+para definir algunas
+funcionalidades maliciosas
+
+104
+00:05:39.910 --> 00:05:41.930
+para dañar al usuario.
+
+105
+00:05:41.950 --> 00:05:44.910
+Por supuesto que no lo hacen
+porque sean sádicos;
+
+106
+00:05:44.940 --> 00:05:47.710
+lo hacen únicamente por dinero,
+por avaricia.
+
+107
+00:05:47.730 --> 00:05:51.110
+Tienen varias formas para sacar provecho
+
+108
+00:05:51.130 --> 00:05:53.750
+de este poder sobre los usuarios,
+
+109
+00:05:53.790 --> 00:05:58.350
+que no hace que incluso que los más
+pequeños sean menos malvados.
+
+110
+00:05:58.370 --> 00:06:00.250
+Ellos no se avergüenzan por esto.
+
+111
+00:06:00.260 --> 00:06:04.100
+Incluso hacen conferencias donde
+hablan sobre las últimas novedades
+
+112
+00:06:04.310 --> 00:06:08.370
+sobre cómo aprovecharse del usuario
+gracias al poder que tienen.
+
+113
+00:06:08.390 --> 00:06:11.100
+Básicamente, el software privativo,
+
+114
+00:06:11.100 --> 00:06:15.820
+que es ahora para la mayoría de usuarios
+de software privativo,
+
+115
+00:06:15.840 --> 00:06:18.590
+están usando malware privativo.
+
+116
+00:06:18.610 --> 00:06:21.200
+Es "software para tontos".
+
+117
+00:06:21.480 --> 00:06:24.810
+¿Cómo dejar de ser una víctima?
+
+118
+00:06:24.850 --> 00:06:28.930
+Antiguamente tenías que dejar de usar
+computadoras, pero ya no.
+
+119
+00:06:28.940 --> 00:06:34.260
+Ahora, puedes unirte a nosotros en
+el mundo libre que hemos creado.
+
+120
+00:06:34.290 --> 00:06:38.120
+En 1983, anuncie que desarrollaría
+
+121
+00:06:38.170 --> 00:06:41.820
+un sistema operativo totalmente libre
+llamado GNU.
+
+122
+00:06:41.830 --> 00:06:45.410
+En 1992, lo teníamos casi terminado,
+
+123
+00:06:45.430 --> 00:06:48.170
+pero faltaba una pieza, el núcleo [kernel].
+
+124
+00:06:48.200 --> 00:06:52.540
+Linus Torvalds, en aquel año, liberó
+el núcleo Linux,
+
+125
+00:06:52.580 --> 00:06:55.180
+con el que llenar el último hueco,
+y nos dio
+
+126
+00:06:55.190 --> 00:07:00.450
+el primer sistema operativo completo
+para arrancar en un PC: GNU/Linux.
+
+127
+00:07:00.790 --> 00:07:07.400
+Desafortunadamente, tener libertad por
+un lado no te garantiza mantenerla.
+
+128
+00:07:07.410 --> 00:07:11.400
+Hay más de un centenar de versiones
+diferentes de GNU/Linux.
+
+129
+00:07:11.430 --> 00:07:13.410
+Conocidas como distribuciones.
+
+130
+00:07:13.430 --> 00:07:16.270
+Algunas son enteramente software libre;
+
+131
+00:07:16.270 --> 00:07:18.950
+muchas contienen software privativo,
+
+132
+00:07:18.950 --> 00:07:22.580
+porque las mantienen personas
+no preocupada por la libertad.
+
+133
+00:07:22.600 --> 00:07:26.860
+Lo añaden a la conciencia
+a costa de la libertad.
+
+134
+00:07:26.870 --> 00:07:30.960
+Por ello tienes que comprobar
+que distribución es libre.
+
+135
+00:07:30.980 --> 00:07:33.750
+Mantener tu libertad requiere
+un sacrificio,
+
+136
+00:07:33.760 --> 00:07:37.720
+a veces un gran sacrificio, como
+en Lexington.
+
+137
+00:07:37.760 --> 00:07:43.950
+En nuestra campaña tienden a ser
+pequeños sacrificios.
+
+138
+00:07:43.970 --> 00:07:48.330
+Cualquier con un poco de madurez
+puede hacerlos.
+
+139
+00:07:48.360 --> 00:07:52.680
+Por ejemplo, quieres aplicaciones pero
+algunas no son libres.
+
+140
+00:07:52.690 --> 00:07:55.390
+Si quieres libertad, tienes
+que hacerlo sin ellas.
+
+141
+00:07:55.410 --> 00:07:58.630
+Puede haber algunos inconvenientes
+
+142
+00:07:58.790 --> 00:08:01.320
+a sufrir por el bien de su libertad.
+
+143
+00:08:01.350 --> 00:08:05.850
+Algunas sitios web ejecutan
+en el navegador
+
+144
+00:08:05.860 --> 00:08:09.170
+software privativo
+escritos en JavaScript.
+
+145
+00:08:09.190 --> 00:08:11.420
+Si no quieres ejecutar
+software privativo,
+
+146
+00:08:11.430 --> 00:08:13.870
+deberías instalar LibreJS
+
+147
+00:08:13.900 --> 00:08:17.570
+que bloquea, y evita
+el JavaScript no libre.
+
+148
+00:08:17.590 --> 00:08:21.900
+A veces, los servidores
+te ofrecen realizar tus tareas.
+
+149
+00:08:21.910 --> 00:08:24.250
+Dicen, "Envíanos toda tu información."
+
+150
+00:08:24.260 --> 00:08:26.120
+Obviamente, para tontos.
+
+151
+00:08:26.120 --> 00:08:30.210
+El servidor hace la tarea y te
+devuelve los resultados.
+
+152
+00:08:30.220 --> 00:08:32.860
+Supuestamente no deberías pensar
+sobre que lo que pasa,
+
+153
+00:08:32.890 --> 00:08:37.530
+porque es una "nube", y no puedes
+ver lo que ocurre.
+
+154
+00:08:37.550 --> 00:08:39.180
+Pues deberías mirar.
+
+155
+00:08:39.190 --> 00:08:42.480
+Se ofrece como un sustituto
+del software,
+
+156
+00:08:42.510 --> 00:08:47.300
+y le quita el control de su computadora.
+
+157
+00:08:47.330 --> 00:08:50.370
+Una gran parte de los
+servidores del mundo
+
+158
+00:08:50.790 --> 00:08:53.130
+se ejecutan sobre GNU/Linux
+y otro software libre.
+
+159
+00:08:53.140 --> 00:08:56.980
+Sin embargo, creo que las computadoras
+mas importantes donde establecer libertad
+
+160
+00:08:57.120 --> 00:09:00.760
+son las suyas, no las de los servidores.
+
+161
+00:09:00.790 --> 00:09:02.610
+También merecen ser libres.
+
+162
+00:09:02.620 --> 00:09:05.940
+Pero por encima de todo es la gente
+la que merece libertad.
+
+163
+00:09:05.950 --> 00:09:08.870
+Necesitamos avanzar,
+
+164
+00:09:08.870 --> 00:09:12.290
+y para ello, tenemos
+que cruzar algunos obstáculos.
+
+165
+00:09:12.320 --> 00:09:14.540
+Uno de ellos son las grandes compañías
+
+166
+00:09:14.550 --> 00:09:17.640
+que hacen mucho dinero teniendo
+el control sobre los usuarios.
+
+167
+00:09:17.660 --> 00:09:19.870
+No quieren dejarnos avanzar.
+
+168
+00:09:19.890 --> 00:09:22.850
+Tenemos que vencer su oposición.
+
+169
+00:09:22.880 --> 00:09:27.280
+Otra son los medios de comunicación
+principales que no hablan del software libre.
+
+170
+00:09:27.290 --> 00:09:32.350
+Tienen un término que usan para
+evitar hablar de cuestiones éticas.
+
+171
+00:09:32.380 --> 00:09:35.230
+Lo llaman "código abierto".
+
+172
+00:09:35.260 --> 00:09:39.450
+Ahora, se habla más o menos de
+los mismos programas,
+
+173
+00:09:39.470 --> 00:09:41.390
+pero con diferentes ideas.
+
+174
+00:09:41.410 --> 00:09:43.650
+Donde los activistas del
+software libre dicen,
+
+175
+00:09:43.660 --> 00:09:45.580
+"Es una cuestión de lo correcto y
+lo incorrecto.
+
+176
+00:09:45.600 --> 00:09:47.850
+Los usuarios precisan libertad,
+queremos libertad."
+
+177
+00:09:47.870 --> 00:09:50.750
+La gente que dice código abierto,
+no quieren decir eso.
+
+178
+00:09:50.770 --> 00:09:52.170
+En cambio, dicen,
+
+179
+00:09:52.190 --> 00:09:55.770
+"Dejen a los usuarios cambiar
+el software y redistribuirlo,
+
+180
+00:09:55.840 --> 00:09:57.620
+y mejorarán el código.
+
+181
+00:09:57.650 --> 00:09:58.900
+Corregirán muchos fallos."
+
+182
+00:10:00.160 --> 00:10:01.430
+Quizás sea sea verdad, pero
+
+183
+00:10:01.430 --> 00:10:04.700
+Si queremos mantener nuestra libertad,
+tenemos que hablar de la libertad.
+
+184
+00:10:04.720 --> 00:10:08.320
+Digan "software libre", y así
+nos ayudarán todo el tiempo.
+
+185
+00:10:08.360 --> 00:10:12.680
+Otro obstáculo es que muchas escuelas
+enseñan software no libre,
+
+186
+00:10:12.700 --> 00:10:16.240
+que básicamente es como enseñar
+a los niños a fumar tabaco.
+
+187
+00:10:16.250 --> 00:10:18.220
+Es implantar la dependencia,
+
+188
+00:10:18.240 --> 00:10:20.560
+lo opuesto a lo que las escuelas
+deberían hacer.
+
+189
+00:10:20.560 --> 00:10:24.570
+La escuela debería preparar a
+los ciudadanos para vivir
+
+190
+00:10:24.580 --> 00:10:30.900
+en una sociedad fuerte, capaz,
+independiente y cooperativa,
+
+191
+00:10:30.910 --> 00:10:34.550
+lo cual significa, enseñar software libre
+en las escuelas.
+
+192
+00:10:34.570 --> 00:10:37.460
+Pero hay otra razón para hacer esto
+por la educación.
+
+193
+00:10:37.480 --> 00:10:40.770
+Algunos niños quieren convertirse
+en programadores, son curiosos.
+
+194
+00:10:40.770 --> 00:10:42.660
+Quieren saber cómo funciona
+el programa.
+
+195
+00:10:42.670 --> 00:10:45.670
+Cuando alguien que estudia software libre
+puede comprenderlo,
+
+196
+00:10:45.690 --> 00:10:49.430
+el que estudia software no libre
+no puede aprender nada,
+
+197
+00:10:49.440 --> 00:10:53.190
+porque el conocimiento en
+el programa no libre
+
+198
+00:10:53.220 --> 00:10:56.490
+es retenido y negado a los estudiantes.
+
+199
+00:10:56.510 --> 00:10:58.820
+Para defender el espíritu de la educación,
+
+200
+00:10:58.840 --> 00:11:01.380
+la escuela debería asegurarse de
+que sus programas son libres.
+
+201
+00:11:01.390 --> 00:11:04.280
+Pero aún hay una razón más importante:
+
+202
+00:11:04.300 --> 00:11:07.170
+Las escuelas deberían enseñar el espíritu
+de la buena voluntad,
+
+203
+00:11:07.180 --> 00:11:09.320
+el hábito de ayudar a otros.
+
+204
+00:11:09.330 --> 00:11:11.120
+La clase debería decir,
+
+205
+00:11:11.130 --> 00:11:13.440
+"Si traes un programa a clase,
+
+206
+00:11:13.450 --> 00:11:15.830
+es como si llevaras galletas a clase,
+
+207
+00:11:15.850 --> 00:11:17.870
+tienes que compartirlas con todos.
+
+208
+00:11:17.880 --> 00:11:19.560
+No puedes guardártelas para ti solo.
+
+209
+00:11:19.570 --> 00:11:23.680
+Tienes que compartir el código fuente,
+para que otros puedan aprender.
+
+210
+00:11:23.710 --> 00:11:27.100
+Así que no traigas ningún
+código privativo a esta clase."
+
+211
+00:11:27.100 --> 00:11:31.890
+La escuela tiene que dar un buen ejemplo
+siguiendo sus propias normas:
+
+212
+00:11:31.900 --> 00:11:34.560
+Deberías traer únicamente
+software libre a esta clase,
+
+213
+00:11:34.600 --> 00:11:39.290
+excepto si es un ejercicio
+de ingeniería inversa.
+
+214
+00:11:39.310 --> 00:11:41.920
+Otro obstáculo es que hay hardware
+
+215
+00:11:41.940 --> 00:11:44.680
+para el cual no sabemos cómo
+escribir el código,
+
+216
+00:11:44.700 --> 00:11:47.460
+porque tampoco nos cuentan cómo
+usar dicho hardware.
+
+217
+00:11:47.480 --> 00:11:50.200
+Es sorprendente que quieran
+venderte el producto
+
+218
+00:11:50.210 --> 00:11:52.290
+y no te digan cómo usarlo.
+
+219
+00:11:52.300 --> 00:11:55.780
+Dicen, "Aquí tienes un programa
+no libre para utilizarlo.
+
+220
+00:11:55.790 --> 00:11:59.240
+Ejecútalo y calla.
+No nos molestes."
+
+221
+00:11:59.300 --> 00:12:03.900
+¿Cómo se puede averiguar cómo funciona
+ese hardware con ingeniería inversa?
+
+222
+00:12:03.910 --> 00:12:08.550
+Tienes que estudiar todos esos ceros
+y uno para imaginarte qué hacen,
+
+223
+00:12:08.580 --> 00:12:11.390
+y anotar cómo utilizar el hardware,
+
+224
+00:12:11.410 --> 00:12:14.370
+para que alguien pueda escribir
+el programa libre que lo haga.
+
+225
+00:12:14.390 --> 00:12:16.690
+Es un trabajo duro pero puede hacerse.
+
+226
+00:12:16.700 --> 00:12:19.280
+Si quieres hacer una
+gran contribución técnica,
+
+227
+00:12:19.300 --> 00:12:21.240
+eso es lo que deberías hacer.
+
+228
+00:12:21.270 --> 00:12:24.650
+Cada nueva área, actividad de la vida,
+
+229
+00:12:24.690 --> 00:12:28.860
+puede traer consigo nuevos derechos
+humanos que son necesarios.
+
+230
+00:12:28.880 --> 00:12:31.300
+Los derechos humanos dependen
+unos de los otros.
+
+231
+00:12:31.310 --> 00:12:32.760
+Si pierdes uno,
+
+232
+00:12:32.780 --> 00:12:35.550
+resulta difícil mantener los otros.
+
+233
+00:12:35.570 --> 00:12:39.770
+Por eso, hoy día la programación
+es tan importante para la sociedad
+
+234
+00:12:39.790 --> 00:12:44.590
+que las libertades del software libre
+se encuentran entre los derechos humanos
+
+235
+00:12:44.750 --> 00:12:47.170
+que la sociedad debe establecer y proteger.
+
+236
+00:12:47.170 --> 00:12:49.630
+¿Cómo ayudar?
+
+237
+00:12:49.650 --> 00:12:51.670
+Puedes escribir software libre,
+
+238
+00:12:51.690 --> 00:12:54.460
+organizar grupos en una campaña
+
+239
+00:12:54.470 --> 00:12:58.150
+y persuadir a las escuelas y gobiernos
+para promover el software libre.
+
+240
+00:12:58.170 --> 00:13:01.790
+Puedes ayudar a otra gente cuando
+tienen problemas usando software libre,
+
+241
+00:13:01.810 --> 00:13:03.680
+o incluso con la instalación.
+
+242
+00:13:03.690 --> 00:13:08.370
+Puedes decir, "software libre,"
+y esparcir la idea filosófica.
+
+243
+00:13:08.390 --> 00:13:13.270
+Cambiarse al software libre es el primer
+paso de la liberación del ciberespacio,
+
+244
+00:13:13.290 --> 00:13:15.400
+pero por supuesto, necesitamos Internet.
+
+245
+00:13:15.420 --> 00:13:17.310
+Necesitamos otras libertades allí,
+
+246
+00:13:17.600 --> 00:13:20.720
+como la neutralidad de la red, y poner fin a
+
+247
+00:13:20.750 --> 00:13:24.470
+la vigilancia de las personas.
+
+248
+00:13:24.830 --> 00:13:27.290
+(Aplausos)
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