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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.security
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Security related helpers such as secure password hashing tools.
:copyright: 2007 Pallets
:license: BSD-3-Clause
"""
import codecs
import hashlib
import hmac
import os
import posixpath
from random import SystemRandom
from struct import Struct
from ._compat import izip
from ._compat import PY2
from ._compat import range_type
from ._compat import text_type
from ._compat import to_bytes
from ._compat import to_native
SALT_CHARS = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS = 150000
_pack_int = Struct(">I").pack
_builtin_safe_str_cmp = getattr(hmac, "compare_digest", None)
_sys_rng = SystemRandom()
_os_alt_seps = list(
sep for sep in [os.path.sep, os.path.altsep] if sep not in (None, "/")
)
def pbkdf2_hex(
data, salt, iterations=DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS, keylen=None, hashfunc=None
):
"""Like :func:`pbkdf2_bin`, but returns a hex-encoded string.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
:param data: the data to derive.
:param salt: the salt for the derivation.
:param iterations: the number of iterations.
:param keylen: the length of the resulting key. If not provided,
the digest size will be used.
:param hashfunc: the hash function to use. This can either be the
string name of a known hash function, or a function
from the hashlib module. Defaults to sha256.
"""
rv = pbkdf2_bin(data, salt, iterations, keylen, hashfunc)
return to_native(codecs.encode(rv, "hex_codec"))
def pbkdf2_bin(
data, salt, iterations=DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS, keylen=None, hashfunc=None
):
"""Returns a binary digest for the PBKDF2 hash algorithm of `data`
with the given `salt`. It iterates `iterations` times and produces a
key of `keylen` bytes. By default, SHA-256 is used as hash function;
a different hashlib `hashfunc` can be provided.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
:param data: the data to derive.
:param salt: the salt for the derivation.
:param iterations: the number of iterations.
:param keylen: the length of the resulting key. If not provided
the digest size will be used.
:param hashfunc: the hash function to use. This can either be the
string name of a known hash function or a function
from the hashlib module. Defaults to sha256.
"""
if not hashfunc:
hashfunc = "sha256"
data = to_bytes(data)
salt = to_bytes(salt)
if callable(hashfunc):
_test_hash = hashfunc()
hash_name = getattr(_test_hash, "name", None)
else:
hash_name = hashfunc
return hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac(hash_name, data, salt, iterations, keylen)
def safe_str_cmp(a, b):
"""This function compares strings in somewhat constant time. This
requires that the length of at least one string is known in advance.
Returns `True` if the two strings are equal, or `False` if they are not.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
if isinstance(a, text_type):
a = a.encode("utf-8")
if isinstance(b, text_type):
b = b.encode("utf-8")
if _builtin_safe_str_cmp is not None:
return _builtin_safe_str_cmp(a, b)
if len(a) != len(b):
return False
rv = 0
if PY2:
for x, y in izip(a, b):
rv |= ord(x) ^ ord(y)
else:
for x, y in izip(a, b):
rv |= x ^ y
return rv == 0
def gen_salt(length):
"""Generate a random string of SALT_CHARS with specified ``length``."""
if length <= 0:
raise ValueError("Salt length must be positive")
return "".join(_sys_rng.choice(SALT_CHARS) for _ in range_type(length))
def _hash_internal(method, salt, password):
"""Internal password hash helper. Supports plaintext without salt,
unsalted and salted passwords. In case salted passwords are used
hmac is used.
"""
if method == "plain":
return password, method
if isinstance(password, text_type):
password = password.encode("utf-8")
if method.startswith("pbkdf2:"):
args = method[7:].split(":")
if len(args) not in (1, 2):
raise ValueError("Invalid number of arguments for PBKDF2")
method = args.pop(0)
iterations = args and int(args[0] or 0) or DEFAULT_PBKDF2_ITERATIONS
is_pbkdf2 = True
actual_method = "pbkdf2:%s:%d" % (method, iterations)
else:
is_pbkdf2 = False
actual_method = method
if is_pbkdf2:
if not salt:
raise ValueError("Salt is required for PBKDF2")
rv = pbkdf2_hex(password, salt, iterations, hashfunc=method)
elif salt:
if isinstance(salt, text_type):
salt = salt.encode("utf-8")
mac = _create_mac(salt, password, method)
rv = mac.hexdigest()
else:
rv = hashlib.new(method, password).hexdigest()
return rv, actual_method
def _create_mac(key, msg, method):
if callable(method):
return hmac.HMAC(key, msg, method)
def hashfunc(d=b""):
return hashlib.new(method, d)
# Python 2.7 used ``hasattr(digestmod, '__call__')``
# to detect if hashfunc is callable
hashfunc.__call__ = hashfunc
return hmac.HMAC(key, msg, hashfunc)
def generate_password_hash(password, method="pbkdf2:sha256", salt_length=8):
"""Hash a password with the given method and salt with a string of
the given length. The format of the string returned includes the method
that was used so that :func:`check_password_hash` can check the hash.
The format for the hashed string looks like this::
method$salt$hash
This method can **not** generate unsalted passwords but it is possible
to set param method='plain' in order to enforce plaintext passwords.
If a salt is used, hmac is used internally to salt the password.
If PBKDF2 is wanted it can be enabled by setting the method to
``pbkdf2:method:iterations`` where iterations is optional::
pbkdf2:sha256:80000$salt$hash
pbkdf2:sha256$salt$hash
:param password: the password to hash.
:param method: the hash method to use (one that hashlib supports). Can
optionally be in the format ``pbkdf2:<method>[:iterations]``
to enable PBKDF2.
:param salt_length: the length of the salt in letters.
"""
salt = gen_salt(salt_length) if method != "plain" else ""
h, actual_method = _hash_internal(method, salt, password)
return "%s$%s$%s" % (actual_method, salt, h)
def check_password_hash(pwhash, password):
"""check a password against a given salted and hashed password value.
In order to support unsalted legacy passwords this method supports
plain text passwords, md5 and sha1 hashes (both salted and unsalted).
Returns `True` if the password matched, `False` otherwise.
:param pwhash: a hashed string like returned by
:func:`generate_password_hash`.
:param password: the plaintext password to compare against the hash.
"""
if pwhash.count("$") < 2:
return False
method, salt, hashval = pwhash.split("$", 2)
return safe_str_cmp(_hash_internal(method, salt, password)[0], hashval)
def safe_join(directory, *pathnames):
"""Safely join `directory` and one or more untrusted `pathnames`. If this
cannot be done, this function returns ``None``.
:param directory: the base directory.
:param pathnames: the untrusted pathnames relative to that directory.
"""
parts = [directory]
for filename in pathnames:
if filename != "":
filename = posixpath.normpath(filename)
for sep in _os_alt_seps:
if sep in filename:
return None
if os.path.isabs(filename) or filename == ".." or filename.startswith("../"):
return None
parts.append(filename)
return posixpath.join(*parts)
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