Merge flask framework and other stuff from master

17 files changed, 7405 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/python/click/__init__.py b/python/click/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3c3366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+click
+~~~~~
+
+Click is a simple Python module inspired by the stdlib optparse to make
+writing command line scripts fun. Unlike other modules, it's based
+around a simple API that does not come with too much magic and is
+composable.
+
+:copyright: © 2014 by the Pallets team.
+:license: BSD, see LICENSE.rst for more details.
+"""
+
+# Core classes
+from .core import Context, BaseCommand, Command, MultiCommand, Group, \
+     CommandCollection, Parameter, Option, Argument
+
+# Globals
+from .globals import get_current_context
+
+# Decorators
+from .decorators import pass_context, pass_obj, make_pass_decorator, \
+     command, group, argument, option, confirmation_option, \
+     password_option, version_option, help_option
+
+# Types
+from .types import ParamType, File, Path, Choice, IntRange, Tuple, \
+     DateTime, STRING, INT, FLOAT, BOOL, UUID, UNPROCESSED, FloatRange
+
+# Utilities
+from .utils import echo, get_binary_stream, get_text_stream, open_file, \
+     format_filename, get_app_dir, get_os_args
+
+# Terminal functions
+from .termui import prompt, confirm, get_terminal_size, echo_via_pager, \
+     progressbar, clear, style, unstyle, secho, edit, launch, getchar, \
+     pause
+
+# Exceptions
+from .exceptions import ClickException, UsageError, BadParameter, \
+     FileError, Abort, NoSuchOption, BadOptionUsage, BadArgumentUsage, \
+     MissingParameter
+
+# Formatting
+from .formatting import HelpFormatter, wrap_text
+
+# Parsing
+from .parser import OptionParser
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Core classes
+    'Context', 'BaseCommand', 'Command', 'MultiCommand', 'Group',
+    'CommandCollection', 'Parameter', 'Option', 'Argument',
+
+    # Globals
+    'get_current_context',
+
+    # Decorators
+    'pass_context', 'pass_obj', 'make_pass_decorator', 'command', 'group',
+    'argument', 'option', 'confirmation_option', 'password_option',
+    'version_option', 'help_option',
+
+    # Types
+    'ParamType', 'File', 'Path', 'Choice', 'IntRange', 'Tuple',
+    'DateTime', 'STRING', 'INT', 'FLOAT', 'BOOL', 'UUID', 'UNPROCESSED',
+    'FloatRange',
+
+    # Utilities
+    'echo', 'get_binary_stream', 'get_text_stream', 'open_file',
+    'format_filename', 'get_app_dir', 'get_os_args',
+
+    # Terminal functions
+    'prompt', 'confirm', 'get_terminal_size', 'echo_via_pager',
+    'progressbar', 'clear', 'style', 'unstyle', 'secho', 'edit', 'launch',
+    'getchar', 'pause',
+
+    # Exceptions
+    'ClickException', 'UsageError', 'BadParameter', 'FileError',
+    'Abort', 'NoSuchOption', 'BadOptionUsage', 'BadArgumentUsage',
+    'MissingParameter',
+
+    # Formatting
+    'HelpFormatter', 'wrap_text',
+
+    # Parsing
+    'OptionParser',
+]
+
+
+# Controls if click should emit the warning about the use of unicode
+# literals.
+disable_unicode_literals_warning = False
+
+
+__version__ = '7.0'
diff --git a/python/click/_bashcomplete.py b/python/click/_bashcomplete.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5f1084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/_bashcomplete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+import copy
+import os
+import re
+
+from .utils import echo
+from .parser import split_arg_string
+from .core import MultiCommand, Option, Argument
+from .types import Choice
+
+try:
+    from collections import abc
+except ImportError:
+    import collections as abc
+
+WORDBREAK = '='
+
+# Note, only BASH version 4.4 and later have the nosort option.
+COMPLETION_SCRIPT_BASH = '''
+%(complete_func)s() {
+    local IFS=$'\n'
+    COMPREPLY=( $( env COMP_WORDS="${COMP_WORDS[*]}" \\
+                   COMP_CWORD=$COMP_CWORD \\
+                   %(autocomplete_var)s=complete $1 ) )
+    return 0
+}
+
+%(complete_func)setup() {
+    local COMPLETION_OPTIONS=""
+    local BASH_VERSION_ARR=(${BASH_VERSION//./ })
+    # Only BASH version 4.4 and later have the nosort option.
+    if [ ${BASH_VERSION_ARR[0]} -gt 4 ] || ([ ${BASH_VERSION_ARR[0]} -eq 4 ] && [ ${BASH_VERSION_ARR[1]} -ge 4 ]); then
+        COMPLETION_OPTIONS="-o nosort"
+    fi
+
+    complete $COMPLETION_OPTIONS -F %(complete_func)s %(script_names)s
+}
+
+%(complete_func)setup
+'''
+
+COMPLETION_SCRIPT_ZSH = '''
+%(complete_func)s() {
+    local -a completions
+    local -a completions_with_descriptions
+    local -a response
+    response=("${(@f)$( env COMP_WORDS=\"${words[*]}\" \\
+                        COMP_CWORD=$((CURRENT-1)) \\
+                        %(autocomplete_var)s=\"complete_zsh\" \\
+                        %(script_names)s )}")
+
+    for key descr in ${(kv)response}; do
+      if [[ "$descr" == "_" ]]; then
+          completions+=("$key")
+      else
+          completions_with_descriptions+=("$key":"$descr")
+      fi
+    done
+
+    if [ -n "$completions_with_descriptions" ]; then
+        _describe -V unsorted completions_with_descriptions -U -Q
+    fi
+
+    if [ -n "$completions" ]; then
+        compadd -U -V unsorted -Q -a completions
+    fi
+    compstate[insert]="automenu"
+}
+
+compdef %(complete_func)s %(script_names)s
+'''
+
+_invalid_ident_char_re = re.compile(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9_]')
+
+
+def get_completion_script(prog_name, complete_var, shell):
+    cf_name = _invalid_ident_char_re.sub('', prog_name.replace('-', '_'))
+    script = COMPLETION_SCRIPT_ZSH if shell == 'zsh' else COMPLETION_SCRIPT_BASH
+    return (script % {
+        'complete_func': '_%s_completion' % cf_name,
+        'script_names': prog_name,
+        'autocomplete_var': complete_var,
+    }).strip() + ';'
+
+
+def resolve_ctx(cli, prog_name, args):
+    """
+    Parse into a hierarchy of contexts. Contexts are connected through the parent variable.
+    :param cli: command definition
+    :param prog_name: the program that is running
+    :param args: full list of args
+    :return: the final context/command parsed
+    """
+    ctx = cli.make_context(prog_name, args, resilient_parsing=True)
+    args = ctx.protected_args + ctx.args
+    while args:
+        if isinstance(ctx.command, MultiCommand):
+            if not ctx.command.chain:
+                cmd_name, cmd, args = ctx.command.resolve_command(ctx, args)
+                if cmd is None:
+                    return ctx
+                ctx = cmd.make_context(cmd_name, args, parent=ctx,
+                                       resilient_parsing=True)
+                args = ctx.protected_args + ctx.args
+            else:
+                # Walk chained subcommand contexts saving the last one.
+                while args:
+                    cmd_name, cmd, args = ctx.command.resolve_command(ctx, args)
+                    if cmd is None:
+                        return ctx
+                    sub_ctx = cmd.make_context(cmd_name, args, parent=ctx,
+                                               allow_extra_args=True,
+                                               allow_interspersed_args=False,
+                                               resilient_parsing=True)
+                    args = sub_ctx.args
+                ctx = sub_ctx
+                args = sub_ctx.protected_args + sub_ctx.args
+        else:
+            break
+    return ctx
+
+
+def start_of_option(param_str):
+    """
+    :param param_str: param_str to check
+    :return: whether or not this is the start of an option declaration (i.e. starts "-" or "--")
+    """
+    return param_str and param_str[:1] == '-'
+
+
+def is_incomplete_option(all_args, cmd_param):
+    """
+    :param all_args: the full original list of args supplied
+    :param cmd_param: the current command paramter
+    :return: whether or not the last option declaration (i.e. starts "-" or "--") is incomplete and
+    corresponds to this cmd_param. In other words whether this cmd_param option can still accept
+    values
+    """
+    if not isinstance(cmd_param, Option):
+        return False
+    if cmd_param.is_flag:
+        return False
+    last_option = None
+    for index, arg_str in enumerate(reversed([arg for arg in all_args if arg != WORDBREAK])):
+        if index + 1 > cmd_param.nargs:
+            break
+        if start_of_option(arg_str):
+            last_option = arg_str
+
+    return True if last_option and last_option in cmd_param.opts else False
+
+
+def is_incomplete_argument(current_params, cmd_param):
+    """
+    :param current_params: the current params and values for this argument as already entered
+    :param cmd_param: the current command parameter
+    :return: whether or not the last argument is incomplete and corresponds to this cmd_param. In
+    other words whether or not the this cmd_param argument can still accept values
+    """
+    if not isinstance(cmd_param, Argument):
+        return False
+    current_param_values = current_params[cmd_param.name]
+    if current_param_values is None:
+        return True
+    if cmd_param.nargs == -1:
+        return True
+    if isinstance(current_param_values, abc.Iterable) \
+            and cmd_param.nargs > 1 and len(current_param_values) < cmd_param.nargs:
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def get_user_autocompletions(ctx, args, incomplete, cmd_param):
+    """
+    :param ctx: context associated with the parsed command
+    :param args: full list of args
+    :param incomplete: the incomplete text to autocomplete
+    :param cmd_param: command definition
+    :return: all the possible user-specified completions for the param
+    """
+    results = []
+    if isinstance(cmd_param.type, Choice):
+        # Choices don't support descriptions.
+        results = [(c, None)
+                   for c in cmd_param.type.choices if str(c).startswith(incomplete)]
+    elif cmd_param.autocompletion is not None:
+        dynamic_completions = cmd_param.autocompletion(ctx=ctx,
+                                                       args=args,
+                                                       incomplete=incomplete)
+        results = [c if isinstance(c, tuple) else (c, None)
+                   for c in dynamic_completions]
+    return results
+
+
+def get_visible_commands_starting_with(ctx, starts_with):
+    """
+    :param ctx: context associated with the parsed command
+    :starts_with: string that visible commands must start with.
+    :return: all visible (not hidden) commands that start with starts_with.
+    """
+    for c in ctx.command.list_commands(ctx):
+        if c.startswith(starts_with):
+            command = ctx.command.get_command(ctx, c)
+            if not command.hidden:
+                yield command
+
+
+def add_subcommand_completions(ctx, incomplete, completions_out):
+    # Add subcommand completions.
+    if isinstance(ctx.command, MultiCommand):
+        completions_out.extend(
+            [(c.name, c.get_short_help_str()) for c in get_visible_commands_starting_with(ctx, incomplete)])
+
+    # Walk up the context list and add any other completion possibilities from chained commands
+    while ctx.parent is not None:
+        ctx = ctx.parent
+        if isinstance(ctx.command, MultiCommand) and ctx.command.chain:
+            remaining_commands = [c for c in get_visible_commands_starting_with(ctx, incomplete)
+                                  if c.name not in ctx.protected_args]
+            completions_out.extend([(c.name, c.get_short_help_str()) for c in remaining_commands])
+
+
+def get_choices(cli, prog_name, args, incomplete):
+    """
+    :param cli: command definition
+    :param prog_name: the program that is running
+    :param args: full list of args
+    :param incomplete: the incomplete text to autocomplete
+    :return: all the possible completions for the incomplete
+    """
+    all_args = copy.deepcopy(args)
+
+    ctx = resolve_ctx(cli, prog_name, args)
+    if ctx is None:
+        return []
+
+    # In newer versions of bash long opts with '='s are partitioned, but it's easier to parse
+    # without the '='
+    if start_of_option(incomplete) and WORDBREAK in incomplete:
+        partition_incomplete = incomplete.partition(WORDBREAK)
+        all_args.append(partition_incomplete[0])
+        incomplete = partition_incomplete[2]
+    elif incomplete == WORDBREAK:
+        incomplete = ''
+
+    completions = []
+    if start_of_option(incomplete):
+        # completions for partial options
+        for param in ctx.command.params:
+            if isinstance(param, Option) and not param.hidden:
+                param_opts = [param_opt for param_opt in param.opts +
+                              param.secondary_opts if param_opt not in all_args or param.multiple]
+                completions.extend([(o, param.help) for o in param_opts if o.startswith(incomplete)])
+        return completions
+    # completion for option values from user supplied values
+    for param in ctx.command.params:
+        if is_incomplete_option(all_args, param):
+            return get_user_autocompletions(ctx, all_args, incomplete, param)
+    # completion for argument values from user supplied values
+    for param in ctx.command.params:
+        if is_incomplete_argument(ctx.params, param):
+            return get_user_autocompletions(ctx, all_args, incomplete, param)
+
+    add_subcommand_completions(ctx, incomplete, completions)
+    # Sort before returning so that proper ordering can be enforced in custom types.
+    return sorted(completions)
+
+
+def do_complete(cli, prog_name, include_descriptions):
+    cwords = split_arg_string(os.environ['COMP_WORDS'])
+    cword = int(os.environ['COMP_CWORD'])
+    args = cwords[1:cword]
+    try:
+        incomplete = cwords[cword]
+    except IndexError:
+        incomplete = ''
+
+    for item in get_choices(cli, prog_name, args, incomplete):
+        echo(item[0])
+        if include_descriptions:
+            # ZSH has trouble dealing with empty array parameters when returned from commands, so use a well defined character '_' to indicate no description is present.
+            echo(item[1] if item[1] else '_')
+
+    return True
+
+
+def bashcomplete(cli, prog_name, complete_var, complete_instr):
+    if complete_instr.startswith('source'):
+        shell = 'zsh' if complete_instr == 'source_zsh' else 'bash'
+        echo(get_completion_script(prog_name, complete_var, shell))
+        return True
+    elif complete_instr == 'complete' or complete_instr == 'complete_zsh':
+        return do_complete(cli, prog_name, complete_instr == 'complete_zsh')
+    return False
diff --git a/python/click/_compat.py b/python/click/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..937e230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+import re
+import io
+import os
+import sys
+import codecs
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+CYGWIN = sys.platform.startswith('cygwin')
+# Determine local App Engine environment, per Google's own suggestion
+APP_ENGINE = ('APPENGINE_RUNTIME' in os.environ and
+              'Development/' in os.environ['SERVER_SOFTWARE'])
+WIN = sys.platform.startswith('win') and not APP_ENGINE
+DEFAULT_COLUMNS = 80
+
+
+_ansi_re = re.compile(r'\033\[((?:\d|;)*)([a-zA-Z])')
+
+
+def get_filesystem_encoding():
+    return sys.getfilesystemencoding() or sys.getdefaultencoding()
+
+
+def _make_text_stream(stream, encoding, errors,
+                      force_readable=False, force_writable=False):
+    if encoding is None:
+        encoding = get_best_encoding(stream)
+    if errors is None:
+        errors = 'replace'
+    return _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(stream, encoding, errors,
+                                    line_buffering=True,
+                                    force_readable=force_readable,
+                                    force_writable=force_writable)
+
+
+def is_ascii_encoding(encoding):
+    """Checks if a given encoding is ascii."""
+    try:
+        return codecs.lookup(encoding).name == 'ascii'
+    except LookupError:
+        return False
+
+
+def get_best_encoding(stream):
+    """Returns the default stream encoding if not found."""
+    rv = getattr(stream, 'encoding', None) or sys.getdefaultencoding()
+    if is_ascii_encoding(rv):
+        return 'utf-8'
+    return rv
+
+
+class _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(io.TextIOWrapper):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, encoding, errors,
+                 force_readable=False, force_writable=False, **extra):
+        self._stream = stream = _FixupStream(stream, force_readable,
+                                             force_writable)
+        io.TextIOWrapper.__init__(self, stream, encoding, errors, **extra)
+
+    # The io module is a place where the Python 3 text behavior
+    # was forced upon Python 2, so we need to unbreak
+    # it to look like Python 2.
+    if PY2:
+        def write(self, x):
+            if isinstance(x, str) or is_bytes(x):
+                try:
+                    self.flush()
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                return self.buffer.write(str(x))
+            return io.TextIOWrapper.write(self, x)
+
+        def writelines(self, lines):
+            for line in lines:
+                self.write(line)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.detach()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        # https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issue/1803
+        return self._stream.isatty()
+
+
+class _FixupStream(object):
+    """The new io interface needs more from streams than streams
+    traditionally implement.  As such, this fix-up code is necessary in
+    some circumstances.
+
+    The forcing of readable and writable flags are there because some tools
+    put badly patched objects on sys (one such offender are certain version
+    of jupyter notebook).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, force_readable=False, force_writable=False):
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._force_readable = force_readable
+        self._force_writable = force_writable
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._stream, name)
+
+    def read1(self, size):
+        f = getattr(self._stream, 'read1', None)
+        if f is not None:
+            return f(size)
+        # We only dispatch to readline instead of read in Python 2 as we
+        # do not want cause problems with the different implementation
+        # of line buffering.
+        if PY2:
+            return self._stream.readline(size)
+        return self._stream.read(size)
+
+    def readable(self):
+        if self._force_readable:
+            return True
+        x = getattr(self._stream, 'readable', None)
+        if x is not None:
+            return x()
+        try:
+            self._stream.read(0)
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self):
+        if self._force_writable:
+            return True
+        x = getattr(self._stream, 'writable', None)
+        if x is not None:
+            return x()
+        try:
+            self._stream.write('')
+        except Exception:
+            try:
+                self._stream.write(b'')
+            except Exception:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        x = getattr(self._stream, 'seekable', None)
+        if x is not None:
+            return x()
+        try:
+            self._stream.seek(self._stream.tell())
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+
+if PY2:
+    text_type = unicode
+    bytes = str
+    raw_input = raw_input
+    string_types = (str, unicode)
+    int_types = (int, long)
+    iteritems = lambda x: x.iteritems()
+    range_type = xrange
+
+    def is_bytes(x):
+        return isinstance(x, (buffer, bytearray))
+
+    _identifier_re = re.compile(r'^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$')
+
+    # For Windows, we need to force stdout/stdin/stderr to binary if it's
+    # fetched for that.  This obviously is not the most correct way to do
+    # it as it changes global state.  Unfortunately, there does not seem to
+    # be a clear better way to do it as just reopening the file in binary
+    # mode does not change anything.
+    #
+    # An option would be to do what Python 3 does and to open the file as
+    # binary only, patch it back to the system, and then use a wrapper
+    # stream that converts newlines.  It's not quite clear what's the
+    # correct option here.
+    #
+    # This code also lives in _winconsole for the fallback to the console
+    # emulation stream.
+    #
+    # There are also Windows environments where the `msvcrt` module is not
+    # available (which is why we use try-catch instead of the WIN variable
+    # here), such as the Google App Engine development server on Windows. In
+    # those cases there is just nothing we can do.
+    def set_binary_mode(f):
+        return f
+
+    try:
+        import msvcrt
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        def set_binary_mode(f):
+            try:
+                fileno = f.fileno()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            else:
+                msvcrt.setmode(fileno, os.O_BINARY)
+            return f
+
+    try:
+        import fcntl
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        def set_binary_mode(f):
+            try:
+                fileno = f.fileno()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            else:
+                flags = fcntl.fcntl(fileno, fcntl.F_GETFL)
+                fcntl.fcntl(fileno, fcntl.F_SETFL, flags & ~os.O_NONBLOCK)
+            return f
+
+    def isidentifier(x):
+        return _identifier_re.search(x) is not None
+
+    def get_binary_stdin():
+        return set_binary_mode(sys.stdin)
+
+    def get_binary_stdout():
+        _wrap_std_stream('stdout')
+        return set_binary_mode(sys.stdout)
+
+    def get_binary_stderr():
+        _wrap_std_stream('stderr')
+        return set_binary_mode(sys.stderr)
+
+    def get_text_stdin(encoding=None, errors=None):
+        rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stdin, encoding, errors)
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        return _make_text_stream(sys.stdin, encoding, errors,
+                                 force_readable=True)
+
+    def get_text_stdout(encoding=None, errors=None):
+        _wrap_std_stream('stdout')
+        rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stdout, encoding, errors)
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        return _make_text_stream(sys.stdout, encoding, errors,
+                                 force_writable=True)
+
+    def get_text_stderr(encoding=None, errors=None):
+        _wrap_std_stream('stderr')
+        rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stderr, encoding, errors)
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        return _make_text_stream(sys.stderr, encoding, errors,
+                                 force_writable=True)
+
+    def filename_to_ui(value):
+        if isinstance(value, bytes):
+            value = value.decode(get_filesystem_encoding(), 'replace')
+        return value
+else:
+    import io
+    text_type = str
+    raw_input = input
+    string_types = (str,)
+    int_types = (int,)
+    range_type = range
+    isidentifier = lambda x: x.isidentifier()
+    iteritems = lambda x: iter(x.items())
+
+    def is_bytes(x):
+        return isinstance(x, (bytes, memoryview, bytearray))
+
+    def _is_binary_reader(stream, default=False):
+        try:
+            return isinstance(stream.read(0), bytes)
+        except Exception:
+            return default
+            # This happens in some cases where the stream was already
+            # closed.  In this case, we assume the default.
+
+    def _is_binary_writer(stream, default=False):
+        try:
+            stream.write(b'')
+        except Exception:
+            try:
+                stream.write('')
+                return False
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            return default
+        return True
+
+    def _find_binary_reader(stream):
+        # We need to figure out if the given stream is already binary.
+        # This can happen because the official docs recommend detaching
+        # the streams to get binary streams.  Some code might do this, so
+        # we need to deal with this case explicitly.
+        if _is_binary_reader(stream, False):
+            return stream
+
+        buf = getattr(stream, 'buffer', None)
+
+        # Same situation here; this time we assume that the buffer is
+        # actually binary in case it's closed.
+        if buf is not None and _is_binary_reader(buf, True):
+            return buf
+
+    def _find_binary_writer(stream):
+        # We need to figure out if the given stream is already binary.
+        # This can happen because the official docs recommend detatching
+        # the streams to get binary streams.  Some code might do this, so
+        # we need to deal with this case explicitly.
+        if _is_binary_writer(stream, False):
+            return stream
+
+        buf = getattr(stream, 'buffer', None)
+
+        # Same situation here; this time we assume that the buffer is
+        # actually binary in case it's closed.
+        if buf is not None and _is_binary_writer(buf, True):
+            return buf
+
+    def _stream_is_misconfigured(stream):
+        """A stream is misconfigured if its encoding is ASCII."""
+        # If the stream does not have an encoding set, we assume it's set
+        # to ASCII.  This appears to happen in certain unittest
+        # environments.  It's not quite clear what the correct behavior is
+        # but this at least will force Click to recover somehow.
+        return is_ascii_encoding(getattr(stream, 'encoding', None) or 'ascii')
+
+    def _is_compatible_text_stream(stream, encoding, errors):
+        stream_encoding = getattr(stream, 'encoding', None)
+        stream_errors = getattr(stream, 'errors', None)
+
+        # Perfect match.
+        if stream_encoding == encoding and stream_errors == errors:
+            return True
+
+        # Otherwise, it's only a compatible stream if we did not ask for
+        # an encoding.
+        if encoding is None:
+            return stream_encoding is not None
+
+        return False
+
+    def _force_correct_text_reader(text_reader, encoding, errors,
+                                   force_readable=False):
+        if _is_binary_reader(text_reader, False):
+            binary_reader = text_reader
+        else:
+            # If there is no target encoding set, we need to verify that the
+            # reader is not actually misconfigured.
+            if encoding is None and not _stream_is_misconfigured(text_reader):
+                return text_reader
+
+            if _is_compatible_text_stream(text_reader, encoding, errors):
+                return text_reader
+
+            # If the reader has no encoding, we try to find the underlying
+            # binary reader for it.  If that fails because the environment is
+            # misconfigured, we silently go with the same reader because this
+            # is too common to happen.  In that case, mojibake is better than
+            # exceptions.
+            binary_reader = _find_binary_reader(text_reader)
+            if binary_reader is None:
+                return text_reader
+
+        # At this point, we default the errors to replace instead of strict
+        # because nobody handles those errors anyways and at this point
+        # we're so fundamentally fucked that nothing can repair it.
+        if errors is None:
+            errors = 'replace'
+        return _make_text_stream(binary_reader, encoding, errors,
+                                 force_readable=force_readable)
+
+    def _force_correct_text_writer(text_writer, encoding, errors,
+                                   force_writable=False):
+        if _is_binary_writer(text_writer, False):
+            binary_writer = text_writer
+        else:
+            # If there is no target encoding set, we need to verify that the
+            # writer is not actually misconfigured.
+            if encoding is None and not _stream_is_misconfigured(text_writer):
+                return text_writer
+
+            if _is_compatible_text_stream(text_writer, encoding, errors):
+                return text_writer
+
+            # If the writer has no encoding, we try to find the underlying
+            # binary writer for it.  If that fails because the environment is
+            # misconfigured, we silently go with the same writer because this
+            # is too common to happen.  In that case, mojibake is better than
+            # exceptions.
+            binary_writer = _find_binary_writer(text_writer)
+            if binary_writer is None:
+                return text_writer
+
+        # At this point, we default the errors to replace instead of strict
+        # because nobody handles those errors anyways and at this point
+        # we're so fundamentally fucked that nothing can repair it.
+        if errors is None:
+            errors = 'replace'
+        return _make_text_stream(binary_writer, encoding, errors,
+                                 force_writable=force_writable)
+
+    def get_binary_stdin():
+        reader = _find_binary_reader(sys.stdin)
+        if reader is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('Was not able to determine binary '
+                               'stream for sys.stdin.')
+        return reader
+
+    def get_binary_stdout():
+        writer = _find_binary_writer(sys.stdout)
+        if writer is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('Was not able to determine binary '
+                               'stream for sys.stdout.')
+        return writer
+
+    def get_binary_stderr():
+        writer = _find_binary_writer(sys.stderr)
+        if writer is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('Was not able to determine binary '
+                               'stream for sys.stderr.')
+        return writer
+
+    def get_text_stdin(encoding=None, errors=None):
+        rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stdin, encoding, errors)
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        return _force_correct_text_reader(sys.stdin, encoding, errors,
+                                          force_readable=True)
+
+    def get_text_stdout(encoding=None, errors=None):
+        rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stdout, encoding, errors)
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        return _force_correct_text_writer(sys.stdout, encoding, errors,
+                                          force_writable=True)
+
+    def get_text_stderr(encoding=None, errors=None):
+        rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stderr, encoding, errors)
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        return _force_correct_text_writer(sys.stderr, encoding, errors,
+                                          force_writable=True)
+
+    def filename_to_ui(value):
+        if isinstance(value, bytes):
+            value = value.decode(get_filesystem_encoding(), 'replace')
+        else:
+            value = value.encode('utf-8', 'surrogateescape') \
+                .decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        return value
+
+
+def get_streerror(e, default=None):
+    if hasattr(e, 'strerror'):
+        msg = e.strerror
+    else:
+        if default is not None:
+            msg = default
+        else:
+            msg = str(e)
+    if isinstance(msg, bytes):
+        msg = msg.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+    return msg
+
+
+def open_stream(filename, mode='r', encoding=None, errors='strict',
+                atomic=False):
+    # Standard streams first.  These are simple because they don't need
+    # special handling for the atomic flag.  It's entirely ignored.
+    if filename == '-':
+        if any(m in mode for m in ['w', 'a', 'x']):
+            if 'b' in mode:
+                return get_binary_stdout(), False
+            return get_text_stdout(encoding=encoding, errors=errors), False
+        if 'b' in mode:
+            return get_binary_stdin(), False
+        return get_text_stdin(encoding=encoding, errors=errors), False
+
+    # Non-atomic writes directly go out through the regular open functions.
+    if not atomic:
+        if encoding is None:
+            return open(filename, mode), True
+        return io.open(filename, mode, encoding=encoding, errors=errors), True
+
+    # Some usability stuff for atomic writes
+    if 'a' in mode:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Appending to an existing file is not supported, because that '
+            'would involve an expensive `copy`-operation to a temporary '
+            'file. Open the file in normal `w`-mode and copy explicitly '
+            'if that\'s what you\'re after.'
+        )
+    if 'x' in mode:
+        raise ValueError('Use the `overwrite`-parameter instead.')
+    if 'w' not in mode:
+        raise ValueError('Atomic writes only make sense with `w`-mode.')
+
+    # Atomic writes are more complicated.  They work by opening a file
+    # as a proxy in the same folder and then using the fdopen
+    # functionality to wrap it in a Python file.  Then we wrap it in an
+    # atomic file that moves the file over on close.
+    import tempfile
+    fd, tmp_filename = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=os.path.dirname(filename),
+                                        prefix='.__atomic-write')
+
+    if encoding is not None:
+        f = io.open(fd, mode, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
+    else:
+        f = os.fdopen(fd, mode)
+
+    return _AtomicFile(f, tmp_filename, os.path.realpath(filename)), True
+
+
+# Used in a destructor call, needs extra protection from interpreter cleanup.
+if hasattr(os, 'replace'):
+    _replace = os.replace
+    _can_replace = True
+else:
+    _replace = os.rename
+    _can_replace = not WIN
+
+
+class _AtomicFile(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, f, tmp_filename, real_filename):
+        self._f = f
+        self._tmp_filename = tmp_filename
+        self._real_filename = real_filename
+        self.closed = False
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._real_filename
+
+    def close(self, delete=False):
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+        self._f.close()
+        if not _can_replace:
+            try:
+                os.remove(self._real_filename)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        _replace(self._tmp_filename, self._real_filename)
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._f, name)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.close(delete=exc_type is not None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self._f)
+
+
+auto_wrap_for_ansi = None
+colorama = None
+get_winterm_size = None
+
+
+def strip_ansi(value):
+    return _ansi_re.sub('', value)
+
+
+def should_strip_ansi(stream=None, color=None):
+    if color is None:
+        if stream is None:
+            stream = sys.stdin
+        return not isatty(stream)
+    return not color
+
+
+# If we're on Windows, we provide transparent integration through
+# colorama.  This will make ANSI colors through the echo function
+# work automatically.
+if WIN:
+    # Windows has a smaller terminal
+    DEFAULT_COLUMNS = 79
+
+    from ._winconsole import _get_windows_console_stream, _wrap_std_stream
+
+    def _get_argv_encoding():
+        import locale
+        return locale.getpreferredencoding()
+
+    if PY2:
+        def raw_input(prompt=''):
+            sys.stderr.flush()
+            if prompt:
+                stdout = _default_text_stdout()
+                stdout.write(prompt)
+            stdin = _default_text_stdin()
+            return stdin.readline().rstrip('\r\n')
+
+    try:
+        import colorama
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        _ansi_stream_wrappers = WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+        def auto_wrap_for_ansi(stream, color=None):
+            """This function wraps a stream so that calls through colorama
+            are issued to the win32 console API to recolor on demand.  It
+            also ensures to reset the colors if a write call is interrupted
+            to not destroy the console afterwards.
+            """
+            try:
+                cached = _ansi_stream_wrappers.get(stream)
+            except Exception:
+                cached = None
+            if cached is not None:
+                return cached
+            strip = should_strip_ansi(stream, color)
+            ansi_wrapper = colorama.AnsiToWin32(stream, strip=strip)
+            rv = ansi_wrapper.stream
+            _write = rv.write
+
+            def _safe_write(s):
+                try:
+                    return _write(s)
+                except:
+                    ansi_wrapper.reset_all()
+                    raise
+
+            rv.write = _safe_write
+            try:
+                _ansi_stream_wrappers[stream] = rv
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            return rv
+
+        def get_winterm_size():
+            win = colorama.win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+                colorama.win32.STDOUT).srWindow
+            return win.Right - win.Left, win.Bottom - win.Top
+else:
+    def _get_argv_encoding():
+        return getattr(sys.stdin, 'encoding', None) or get_filesystem_encoding()
+
+    _get_windows_console_stream = lambda *x: None
+    _wrap_std_stream = lambda *x: None
+
+
+def term_len(x):
+    return len(strip_ansi(x))
+
+
+def isatty(stream):
+    try:
+        return stream.isatty()
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+def _make_cached_stream_func(src_func, wrapper_func):
+    cache = WeakKeyDictionary()
+    def func():
+        stream = src_func()
+        try:
+            rv = cache.get(stream)
+        except Exception:
+            rv = None
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        rv = wrapper_func()
+        try:
+            stream = src_func()  # In case wrapper_func() modified the stream
+            cache[stream] = rv
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return rv
+    return func
+
+
+_default_text_stdin = _make_cached_stream_func(
+    lambda: sys.stdin, get_text_stdin)
+_default_text_stdout = _make_cached_stream_func(
+    lambda: sys.stdout, get_text_stdout)
+_default_text_stderr = _make_cached_stream_func(
+    lambda: sys.stderr, get_text_stderr)
+
+
+binary_streams = {
+    'stdin': get_binary_stdin,
+    'stdout': get_binary_stdout,
+    'stderr': get_binary_stderr,
+}
+
+text_streams = {
+    'stdin': get_text_stdin,
+    'stdout': get_text_stdout,
+    'stderr': get_text_stderr,
+}
diff --git a/python/click/_termui_impl.py b/python/click/_termui_impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00a8e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/_termui_impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+click._termui_impl
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains implementations for the termui module. To keep the
+import time of Click down, some infrequently used functionality is
+placed in this module and only imported as needed.
+
+:copyright: © 2014 by the Pallets team.
+:license: BSD, see LICENSE.rst for more details.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import math
+import contextlib
+from ._compat import _default_text_stdout, range_type, PY2, isatty, \
+     open_stream, strip_ansi, term_len, get_best_encoding, WIN, int_types, \
+     CYGWIN
+from .utils import echo
+from .exceptions import ClickException
+
+
+if os.name == 'nt':
+    BEFORE_BAR = '\r'
+    AFTER_BAR = '\n'
+else:
+    BEFORE_BAR = '\r\033[?25l'
+    AFTER_BAR = '\033[?25h\n'
+
+
+def _length_hint(obj):
+    """Returns the length hint of an object."""
+    try:
+        return len(obj)
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        try:
+            get_hint = type(obj).__length_hint__
+        except AttributeError:
+            return None
+        try:
+            hint = get_hint(obj)
+        except TypeError:
+            return None
+        if hint is NotImplemented or \
+           not isinstance(hint, int_types) or \
+           hint < 0:
+            return None
+        return hint
+
+
+class ProgressBar(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable, length=None, fill_char='#', empty_char=' ',
+                 bar_template='%(bar)s', info_sep='  ', show_eta=True,
+                 show_percent=None, show_pos=False, item_show_func=None,
+                 label=None, file=None, color=None, width=30):
+        self.fill_char = fill_char
+        self.empty_char = empty_char
+        self.bar_template = bar_template
+        self.info_sep = info_sep
+        self.show_eta = show_eta
+        self.show_percent = show_percent
+        self.show_pos = show_pos
+        self.item_show_func = item_show_func
+        self.label = label or ''
+        if file is None:
+            file = _default_text_stdout()
+        self.file = file
+        self.color = color
+        self.width = width
+        self.autowidth = width == 0
+
+        if length is None:
+            length = _length_hint(iterable)
+        if iterable is None:
+            if length is None:
+                raise TypeError('iterable or length is required')
+            iterable = range_type(length)
+        self.iter = iter(iterable)
+        self.length = length
+        self.length_known = length is not None
+        self.pos = 0
+        self.avg = []
+        self.start = self.last_eta = time.time()
+        self.eta_known = False
+        self.finished = False
+        self.max_width = None
+        self.entered = False
+        self.current_item = None
+        self.is_hidden = not isatty(self.file)
+        self._last_line = None
+        self.short_limit = 0.5
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.entered = True
+        self.render_progress()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.render_finish()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        if not self.entered:
+            raise RuntimeError('You need to use progress bars in a with block.')
+        self.render_progress()
+        return self.generator()
+
+    def is_fast(self):
+        return time.time() - self.start <= self.short_limit
+
+    def render_finish(self):
+        if self.is_hidden or self.is_fast():
+            return
+        self.file.write(AFTER_BAR)
+        self.file.flush()
+
+    @property
+    def pct(self):
+        if self.finished:
+            return 1.0
+        return min(self.pos / (float(self.length) or 1), 1.0)
+
+    @property
+    def time_per_iteration(self):
+        if not self.avg:
+            return 0.0
+        return sum(self.avg) / float(len(self.avg))
+
+    @property
+    def eta(self):
+        if self.length_known and not self.finished:
+            return self.time_per_iteration * (self.length - self.pos)
+        return 0.0
+
+    def format_eta(self):
+        if self.eta_known:
+            t = int(self.eta)
+            seconds = t % 60
+            t //= 60
+            minutes = t % 60
+            t //= 60
+            hours = t % 24
+            t //= 24
+            if t > 0:
+                days = t
+                return '%dd %02d:%02d:%02d' % (days, hours, minutes, seconds)
+            else:
+                return '%02d:%02d:%02d' % (hours, minutes, seconds)
+        return ''
+
+    def format_pos(self):
+        pos = str(self.pos)
+        if self.length_known:
+            pos += '/%s' % self.length
+        return pos
+
+    def format_pct(self):
+        return ('% 4d%%' % int(self.pct * 100))[1:]
+
+    def format_bar(self):
+        if self.length_known:
+            bar_length = int(self.pct * self.width)
+            bar = self.fill_char * bar_length
+            bar += self.empty_char * (self.width - bar_length)
+        elif self.finished:
+            bar = self.fill_char * self.width
+        else:
+            bar = list(self.empty_char * (self.width or 1))
+            if self.time_per_iteration != 0:
+                bar[int((math.cos(self.pos * self.time_per_iteration)
+                    / 2.0 + 0.5) * self.width)] = self.fill_char
+            bar = ''.join(bar)
+        return bar
+
+    def format_progress_line(self):
+        show_percent = self.show_percent
+
+        info_bits = []
+        if self.length_known and show_percent is None:
+            show_percent = not self.show_pos
+
+        if self.show_pos:
+            info_bits.append(self.format_pos())
+        if show_percent:
+            info_bits.append(self.format_pct())
+        if self.show_eta and self.eta_known and not self.finished:
+            info_bits.append(self.format_eta())
+        if self.item_show_func is not None:
+            item_info = self.item_show_func(self.current_item)
+            if item_info is not None:
+                info_bits.append(item_info)
+
+        return (self.bar_template % {
+            'label': self.label,
+            'bar': self.format_bar(),
+            'info': self.info_sep.join(info_bits)
+        }).rstrip()
+
+    def render_progress(self):
+        from .termui import get_terminal_size
+
+        if self.is_hidden:
+            return
+
+        buf = []
+        # Update width in case the terminal has been resized
+        if self.autowidth:
+            old_width = self.width
+            self.width = 0
+            clutter_length = term_len(self.format_progress_line())
+            new_width = max(0, get_terminal_size()[0] - clutter_length)
+            if new_width < old_width:
+                buf.append(BEFORE_BAR)
+                buf.append(' ' * self.max_width)
+                self.max_width = new_width
+            self.width = new_width
+
+        clear_width = self.width
+        if self.max_width is not None:
+            clear_width = self.max_width
+
+        buf.append(BEFORE_BAR)
+        line = self.format_progress_line()
+        line_len = term_len(line)
+        if self.max_width is None or self.max_width < line_len:
+            self.max_width = line_len
+
+        buf.append(line)
+        buf.append(' ' * (clear_width - line_len))
+        line = ''.join(buf)
+        # Render the line only if it changed.
+
+        if line != self._last_line and not self.is_fast():
+            self._last_line = line
+            echo(line, file=self.file, color=self.color, nl=False)
+            self.file.flush()
+
+    def make_step(self, n_steps):
+        self.pos += n_steps
+        if self.length_known and self.pos >= self.length:
+            self.finished = True
+
+        if (time.time() - self.last_eta) < 1.0:
+            return
+
+        self.last_eta = time.time()
+
+        # self.avg is a rolling list of length <= 7 of steps where steps are
+        # defined as time elapsed divided by the total progress through
+        # self.length.
+        if self.pos:
+            step = (time.time() - self.start) / self.pos
+        else:
+            step = time.time() - self.start
+
+        self.avg = self.avg[-6:] + [step]
+
+        self.eta_known = self.length_known
+
+    def update(self, n_steps):
+        self.make_step(n_steps)
+        self.render_progress()
+
+    def finish(self):
+        self.eta_known = 0
+        self.current_item = None
+        self.finished = True
+
+    def generator(self):
+        """
+        Returns a generator which yields the items added to the bar during
+        construction, and updates the progress bar *after* the yielded block
+        returns.
+        """
+        if not self.entered:
+            raise RuntimeError('You need to use progress bars in a with block.')
+
+        if self.is_hidden:
+            for rv in self.iter:
+                yield rv
+        else:
+            for rv in self.iter:
+                self.current_item = rv
+                yield rv
+                self.update(1)
+            self.finish()
+            self.render_progress()
+
+
+def pager(generator, color=None):
+    """Decide what method to use for paging through text."""
+    stdout = _default_text_stdout()
+    if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(stdout):
+        return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
+    pager_cmd = (os.environ.get('PAGER', None) or '').strip()
+    if pager_cmd:
+        if WIN:
+            return _tempfilepager(generator, pager_cmd, color)
+        return _pipepager(generator, pager_cmd, color)
+    if os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
+        return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
+    if WIN or sys.platform.startswith('os2'):
+        return _tempfilepager(generator, 'more <', color)
+    if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('(less) 2>/dev/null') == 0:
+        return _pipepager(generator, 'less', color)
+
+    import tempfile
+    fd, filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
+    os.close(fd)
+    try:
+        if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('more "%s"' % filename) == 0:
+            return _pipepager(generator, 'more', color)
+        return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
+    finally:
+        os.unlink(filename)
+
+
+def _pipepager(generator, cmd, color):
+    """Page through text by feeding it to another program.  Invoking a
+    pager through this might support colors.
+    """
+    import subprocess
+    env = dict(os.environ)
+
+    # If we're piping to less we might support colors under the
+    # condition that
+    cmd_detail = cmd.rsplit('/', 1)[-1].split()
+    if color is None and cmd_detail[0] == 'less':
+        less_flags = os.environ.get('LESS', '') + ' '.join(cmd_detail[1:])
+        if not less_flags:
+            env['LESS'] = '-R'
+            color = True
+        elif 'r' in less_flags or 'R' in less_flags:
+            color = True
+
+    c = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                         env=env)
+    encoding = get_best_encoding(c.stdin)
+    try:
+        for text in generator:
+            if not color:
+                text = strip_ansi(text)
+
+            c.stdin.write(text.encode(encoding, 'replace'))
+    except (IOError, KeyboardInterrupt):
+        pass
+    else:
+        c.stdin.close()
+
+    # Less doesn't respect ^C, but catches it for its own UI purposes (aborting
+    # search or other commands inside less).
+    #
+    # That means when the user hits ^C, the parent process (click) terminates,
+    # but less is still alive, paging the output and messing up the terminal.
+    #
+    # If the user wants to make the pager exit on ^C, they should set
+    # `LESS='-K'`. It's not our decision to make.
+    while True:
+        try:
+            c.wait()
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            pass
+        else:
+            break
+
+
+def _tempfilepager(generator, cmd, color):
+    """Page through text by invoking a program on a temporary file."""
+    import tempfile
+    filename = tempfile.mktemp()
+    # TODO: This never terminates if the passed generator never terminates.
+    text = "".join(generator)
+    if not color:
+        text = strip_ansi(text)
+    encoding = get_best_encoding(sys.stdout)
+    with open_stream(filename, 'wb')[0] as f:
+        f.write(text.encode(encoding))
+    try:
+        os.system(cmd + ' "' + filename + '"')
+    finally:
+        os.unlink(filename)
+
+
+def _nullpager(stream, generator, color):
+    """Simply print unformatted text.  This is the ultimate fallback."""
+    for text in generator:
+        if not color:
+            text = strip_ansi(text)
+        stream.write(text)
+
+
+class Editor(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, editor=None, env=None, require_save=True,
+                 extension='.txt'):
+        self.editor = editor
+        self.env = env
+        self.require_save = require_save
+        self.extension = extension
+
+    def get_editor(self):
+        if self.editor is not None:
+            return self.editor
+        for key in 'VISUAL', 'EDITOR':
+            rv = os.environ.get(key)
+            if rv:
+                return rv
+        if WIN:
+            return 'notepad'
+        for editor in 'vim', 'nano':
+            if os.system('which %s >/dev/null 2>&1' % editor) == 0:
+                return editor
+        return 'vi'
+
+    def edit_file(self, filename):
+        import subprocess
+        editor = self.get_editor()
+        if self.env:
+            environ = os.environ.copy()
+            environ.update(self.env)
+        else:
+            environ = None
+        try:
+            c = subprocess.Popen('%s "%s"' % (editor, filename),
+                                 env=environ, shell=True)
+            exit_code = c.wait()
+            if exit_code != 0:
+                raise ClickException('%s: Editing failed!' % editor)
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise ClickException('%s: Editing failed: %s' % (editor, e))
+
+    def edit(self, text):
+        import tempfile
+
+        text = text or ''
+        if text and not text.endswith('\n'):
+            text += '\n'
+
+        fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='editor-', suffix=self.extension)
+        try:
+            if WIN:
+                encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+                text = text.replace('\n', '\r\n')
+            else:
+                encoding = 'utf-8'
+            text = text.encode(encoding)
+
+            f = os.fdopen(fd, 'wb')
+            f.write(text)
+            f.close()
+            timestamp = os.path.getmtime(name)
+
+            self.edit_file(name)
+
+            if self.require_save \
+               and os.path.getmtime(name) == timestamp:
+                return None
+
+            f = open(name, 'rb')
+            try:
+                rv = f.read()
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+            return rv.decode('utf-8-sig').replace('\r\n', '\n')
+        finally:
+            os.unlink(name)
+
+
+def open_url(url, wait=False, locate=False):
+    import subprocess
+
+    def _unquote_file(url):
+        try:
+            import urllib
+        except ImportError:
+            import urllib
+        if url.startswith('file://'):
+            url = urllib.unquote(url[7:])
+        return url
+
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        args = ['open']
+        if wait:
+            args.append('-W')
+        if locate:
+            args.append('-R')
+        args.append(_unquote_file(url))
+        null = open('/dev/null', 'w')
+        try:
+            return subprocess.Popen(args, stderr=null).wait()
+        finally:
+            null.close()
+    elif WIN:
+        if locate:
+            url = _unquote_file(url)
+            args = 'explorer /select,"%s"' % _unquote_file(
+                url.replace('"', ''))
+        else:
+            args = 'start %s "" "%s"' % (
+                wait and '/WAIT' or '', url.replace('"', ''))
+        return os.system(args)
+    elif CYGWIN:
+        if locate:
+            url = _unquote_file(url)
+            args = 'cygstart "%s"' % (os.path.dirname(url).replace('"', ''))
+        else:
+            args = 'cygstart %s "%s"' % (
+                wait and '-w' or '', url.replace('"', ''))
+        return os.system(args)
+
+    try:
+        if locate:
+            url = os.path.dirname(_unquote_file(url)) or '.'
+        else:
+            url = _unquote_file(url)
+        c = subprocess.Popen(['xdg-open', url])
+        if wait:
+            return c.wait()
+        return 0
+    except OSError:
+        if url.startswith(('http://', 'https://')) and not locate and not wait:
+            import webbrowser
+            webbrowser.open(url)
+            return 0
+        return 1
+
+
+def _translate_ch_to_exc(ch):
+    if ch == u'\x03':
+        raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+    if ch == u'\x04' and not WIN:  # Unix-like, Ctrl+D
+        raise EOFError()
+    if ch == u'\x1a' and WIN:      # Windows, Ctrl+Z
+        raise EOFError()
+
+
+if WIN:
+    import msvcrt
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def raw_terminal():
+        yield
+
+    def getchar(echo):
+        # The function `getch` will return a bytes object corresponding to
+        # the pressed character. Since Windows 10 build 1803, it will also
+        # return \x00 when called a second time after pressing a regular key.
+        #
+        # `getwch` does not share this probably-bugged behavior. Moreover, it
+        # returns a Unicode object by default, which is what we want.
+        #
+        # Either of these functions will return \x00 or \xe0 to indicate
+        # a special key, and you need to call the same function again to get
+        # the "rest" of the code. The fun part is that \u00e0 is
+        # "latin small letter a with grave", so if you type that on a French
+        # keyboard, you _also_ get a \xe0.
+        # E.g., consider the Up arrow. This returns \xe0 and then \x48. The
+        # resulting Unicode string reads as "a with grave" + "capital H".
+        # This is indistinguishable from when the user actually types
+        # "a with grave" and then "capital H".
+        #
+        # When \xe0 is returned, we assume it's part of a special-key sequence
+        # and call `getwch` again, but that means that when the user types
+        # the \u00e0 character, `getchar` doesn't return until a second
+        # character is typed.
+        # The alternative is returning immediately, but that would mess up
+        # cross-platform handling of arrow keys and others that start with
+        # \xe0. Another option is using `getch`, but then we can't reliably
+        # read non-ASCII characters, because return values of `getch` are
+        # limited to the current 8-bit codepage.
+        #
+        # Anyway, Click doesn't claim to do this Right(tm), and using `getwch`
+        # is doing the right thing in more situations than with `getch`.
+        if echo:
+            func = msvcrt.getwche
+        else:
+            func = msvcrt.getwch
+
+        rv = func()
+        if rv in (u'\x00', u'\xe0'):
+            # \x00 and \xe0 are control characters that indicate special key,
+            # see above.
+            rv += func()
+        _translate_ch_to_exc(rv)
+        return rv
+else:
+    import tty
+    import termios
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def raw_terminal():
+        if not isatty(sys.stdin):
+            f = open('/dev/tty')
+            fd = f.fileno()
+        else:
+            fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
+            f = None
+        try:
+            old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
+            try:
+                tty.setraw(fd)
+                yield fd
+            finally:
+                termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+                if f is not None:
+                    f.close()
+        except termios.error:
+            pass
+
+    def getchar(echo):
+        with raw_terminal() as fd:
+            ch = os.read(fd, 32)
+            ch = ch.decode(get_best_encoding(sys.stdin), 'replace')
+            if echo and isatty(sys.stdout):
+                sys.stdout.write(ch)
+            _translate_ch_to_exc(ch)
+            return ch
diff --git a/python/click/_textwrap.py b/python/click/_textwrap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e77603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/_textwrap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import textwrap
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+
+class TextWrapper(textwrap.TextWrapper):
+
+    def _handle_long_word(self, reversed_chunks, cur_line, cur_len, width):
+        space_left = max(width - cur_len, 1)
+
+        if self.break_long_words:
+            last = reversed_chunks[-1]
+            cut = last[:space_left]
+            res = last[space_left:]
+            cur_line.append(cut)
+            reversed_chunks[-1] = res
+        elif not cur_line:
+            cur_line.append(reversed_chunks.pop())
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def extra_indent(self, indent):
+        old_initial_indent = self.initial_indent
+        old_subsequent_indent = self.subsequent_indent
+        self.initial_indent += indent
+        self.subsequent_indent += indent
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.initial_indent = old_initial_indent
+            self.subsequent_indent = old_subsequent_indent
+
+    def indent_only(self, text):
+        rv = []
+        for idx, line in enumerate(text.splitlines()):
+            indent = self.initial_indent
+            if idx > 0:
+                indent = self.subsequent_indent
+            rv.append(indent + line)
+        return '\n'.join(rv)
diff --git a/python/click/_unicodefun.py b/python/click/_unicodefun.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..620edff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/_unicodefun.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import codecs
+
+from ._compat import PY2
+
+
+# If someone wants to vendor click, we want to ensure the
+# correct package is discovered.  Ideally we could use a
+# relative import here but unfortunately Python does not
+# support that.
+click = sys.modules[__name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]]
+
+
+def _find_unicode_literals_frame():
+    import __future__
+    if not hasattr(sys, '_getframe'):  # not all Python implementations have it
+        return 0
+    frm = sys._getframe(1)
+    idx = 1
+    while frm is not None:
+        if frm.f_globals.get('__name__', '').startswith('click.'):
+            frm = frm.f_back
+            idx += 1
+        elif frm.f_code.co_flags & __future__.unicode_literals.compiler_flag:
+            return idx
+        else:
+            break
+    return 0
+
+
+def _check_for_unicode_literals():
+    if not __debug__:
+        return
+    if not PY2 or click.disable_unicode_literals_warning:
+        return
+    bad_frame = _find_unicode_literals_frame()
+    if bad_frame <= 0:
+        return
+    from warnings import warn
+    warn(Warning('Click detected the use of the unicode_literals '
+                 '__future__ import.  This is heavily discouraged '
+                 'because it can introduce subtle bugs in your '
+                 'code.  You should instead use explicit u"" literals '
+                 'for your unicode strings.  For more information see '
+                 'https://click.palletsprojects.com/python3/'),
+         stacklevel=bad_frame)
+
+
+def _verify_python3_env():
+    """Ensures that the environment is good for unicode on Python 3."""
+    if PY2:
+        return
+    try:
+        import locale
+        fs_enc = codecs.lookup(locale.getpreferredencoding()).name
+    except Exception:
+        fs_enc = 'ascii'
+    if fs_enc != 'ascii':
+        return
+
+    extra = ''
+    if os.name == 'posix':
+        import subprocess
+        try:
+            rv = subprocess.Popen(['locale', '-a'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                  stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0]
+        except OSError:
+            rv = b''
+        good_locales = set()
+        has_c_utf8 = False
+
+        # Make sure we're operating on text here.
+        if isinstance(rv, bytes):
+            rv = rv.decode('ascii', 'replace')
+
+        for line in rv.splitlines():
+            locale = line.strip()
+            if locale.lower().endswith(('.utf-8', '.utf8')):
+                good_locales.add(locale)
+                if locale.lower() in ('c.utf8', 'c.utf-8'):
+                    has_c_utf8 = True
+
+        extra += '\n\n'
+        if not good_locales:
+            extra += (
+                'Additional information: on this system no suitable UTF-8\n'
+                'locales were discovered.  This most likely requires resolving\n'
+                'by reconfiguring the locale system.'
+            )
+        elif has_c_utf8:
+            extra += (
+                'This system supports the C.UTF-8 locale which is recommended.\n'
+                'You might be able to resolve your issue by exporting the\n'
+                'following environment variables:\n\n'
+                '    export LC_ALL=C.UTF-8\n'
+                '    export LANG=C.UTF-8'
+            )
+        else:
+            extra += (
+                'This system lists a couple of UTF-8 supporting locales that\n'
+                'you can pick from.  The following suitable locales were\n'
+                'discovered: %s'
+            ) % ', '.join(sorted(good_locales))
+
+        bad_locale = None
+        for locale in os.environ.get('LC_ALL'), os.environ.get('LANG'):
+            if locale and locale.lower().endswith(('.utf-8', '.utf8')):
+                bad_locale = locale
+            if locale is not None:
+                break
+        if bad_locale is not None:
+            extra += (
+                '\n\nClick discovered that you exported a UTF-8 locale\n'
+                'but the locale system could not pick up from it because\n'
+                'it does not exist.  The exported locale is "%s" but it\n'
+                'is not supported'
+            ) % bad_locale
+
+    raise RuntimeError(
+        'Click will abort further execution because Python 3 was'
+        ' configured to use ASCII as encoding for the environment.'
+        ' Consult https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/7.x/python3/ for'
+        ' mitigation steps.' + extra
+    )
diff --git a/python/click/_winconsole.py b/python/click/_winconsole.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbb080d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/_winconsole.py
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# This module is based on the excellent work by Adam Bartoš who
+# provided a lot of what went into the implementation here in
+# the discussion to issue1602 in the Python bug tracker.
+#
+# There are some general differences in regards to how this works
+# compared to the original patches as we do not need to patch
+# the entire interpreter but just work in our little world of
+# echo and prmopt.
+
+import io
+import os
+import sys
+import zlib
+import time
+import ctypes
+import msvcrt
+from ._compat import _NonClosingTextIOWrapper, text_type, PY2
+from ctypes import byref, POINTER, c_int, c_char, c_char_p, \
+     c_void_p, py_object, c_ssize_t, c_ulong, windll, WINFUNCTYPE
+try:
+    from ctypes import pythonapi
+    PyObject_GetBuffer = pythonapi.PyObject_GetBuffer
+    PyBuffer_Release = pythonapi.PyBuffer_Release
+except ImportError:
+    pythonapi = None
+from ctypes.wintypes import LPWSTR, LPCWSTR
+
+
+c_ssize_p = POINTER(c_ssize_t)
+
+kernel32 = windll.kernel32
+GetStdHandle = kernel32.GetStdHandle
+ReadConsoleW = kernel32.ReadConsoleW
+WriteConsoleW = kernel32.WriteConsoleW
+GetLastError = kernel32.GetLastError
+GetCommandLineW = WINFUNCTYPE(LPWSTR)(
+    ('GetCommandLineW', windll.kernel32))
+CommandLineToArgvW = WINFUNCTYPE(
+    POINTER(LPWSTR), LPCWSTR, POINTER(c_int))(
+        ('CommandLineToArgvW', windll.shell32))
+
+
+STDIN_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-10)
+STDOUT_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-11)
+STDERR_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-12)
+
+
+PyBUF_SIMPLE = 0
+PyBUF_WRITABLE = 1
+
+ERROR_SUCCESS = 0
+ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY = 8
+ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED = 995
+
+STDIN_FILENO = 0
+STDOUT_FILENO = 1
+STDERR_FILENO = 2
+
+EOF = b'\x1a'
+MAX_BYTES_WRITTEN = 32767
+
+
+class Py_buffer(ctypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ('buf', c_void_p),
+        ('obj', py_object),
+        ('len', c_ssize_t),
+        ('itemsize', c_ssize_t),
+        ('readonly', c_int),
+        ('ndim', c_int),
+        ('format', c_char_p),
+        ('shape', c_ssize_p),
+        ('strides', c_ssize_p),
+        ('suboffsets', c_ssize_p),
+        ('internal', c_void_p)
+    ]
+
+    if PY2:
+        _fields_.insert(-1, ('smalltable', c_ssize_t * 2))
+
+
+# On PyPy we cannot get buffers so our ability to operate here is
+# serverly limited.
+if pythonapi is None:
+    get_buffer = None
+else:
+    def get_buffer(obj, writable=False):
+        buf = Py_buffer()
+        flags = PyBUF_WRITABLE if writable else PyBUF_SIMPLE
+        PyObject_GetBuffer(py_object(obj), byref(buf), flags)
+        try:
+            buffer_type = c_char * buf.len
+            return buffer_type.from_address(buf.buf)
+        finally:
+            PyBuffer_Release(byref(buf))
+
+
+class _WindowsConsoleRawIOBase(io.RawIOBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, handle):
+        self.handle = handle
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        io.RawIOBase.isatty(self)
+        return True
+
+
+class _WindowsConsoleReader(_WindowsConsoleRawIOBase):
+
+    def readable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        bytes_to_be_read = len(b)
+        if not bytes_to_be_read:
+            return 0
+        elif bytes_to_be_read % 2:
+            raise ValueError('cannot read odd number of bytes from '
+                             'UTF-16-LE encoded console')
+
+        buffer = get_buffer(b, writable=True)
+        code_units_to_be_read = bytes_to_be_read // 2
+        code_units_read = c_ulong()
+
+        rv = ReadConsoleW(self.handle, buffer, code_units_to_be_read,
+                          byref(code_units_read), None)
+        if GetLastError() == ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED:
+            # wait for KeyboardInterrupt
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+        if not rv:
+            raise OSError('Windows error: %s' % GetLastError())
+
+        if buffer[0] == EOF:
+            return 0
+        return 2 * code_units_read.value
+
+
+class _WindowsConsoleWriter(_WindowsConsoleRawIOBase):
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_error_message(errno):
+        if errno == ERROR_SUCCESS:
+            return 'ERROR_SUCCESS'
+        elif errno == ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY:
+            return 'ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY'
+        return 'Windows error %s' % errno
+
+    def write(self, b):
+        bytes_to_be_written = len(b)
+        buf = get_buffer(b)
+        code_units_to_be_written = min(bytes_to_be_written,
+                                       MAX_BYTES_WRITTEN) // 2
+        code_units_written = c_ulong()
+
+        WriteConsoleW(self.handle, buf, code_units_to_be_written,
+                      byref(code_units_written), None)
+        bytes_written = 2 * code_units_written.value
+
+        if bytes_written == 0 and bytes_to_be_written > 0:
+            raise OSError(self._get_error_message(GetLastError()))
+        return bytes_written
+
+
+class ConsoleStream(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, text_stream, byte_stream):
+        self._text_stream = text_stream
+        self.buffer = byte_stream
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self.buffer.name
+
+    def write(self, x):
+        if isinstance(x, text_type):
+            return self._text_stream.write(x)
+        try:
+            self.flush()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return self.buffer.write(x)
+
+    def writelines(self, lines):
+        for line in lines:
+            self.write(line)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._text_stream, name)
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        return self.buffer.isatty()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<ConsoleStream name=%r encoding=%r>' % (
+            self.name,
+            self.encoding,
+        )
+
+
+class WindowsChunkedWriter(object):
+    """
+    Wraps a stream (such as stdout), acting as a transparent proxy for all
+    attribute access apart from method 'write()' which we wrap to write in
+    limited chunks due to a Windows limitation on binary console streams.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, wrapped):
+        # double-underscore everything to prevent clashes with names of
+        # attributes on the wrapped stream object.
+        self.__wrapped = wrapped
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.__wrapped, name)
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        total_to_write = len(text)
+        written = 0
+
+        while written < total_to_write:
+            to_write = min(total_to_write - written, MAX_BYTES_WRITTEN)
+            self.__wrapped.write(text[written:written+to_write])
+            written += to_write
+
+
+_wrapped_std_streams = set()
+
+
+def _wrap_std_stream(name):
+    # Python 2 & Windows 7 and below
+    if PY2 and sys.getwindowsversion()[:2] <= (6, 1) and name not in _wrapped_std_streams:
+        setattr(sys, name, WindowsChunkedWriter(getattr(sys, name)))
+        _wrapped_std_streams.add(name)
+
+
+def _get_text_stdin(buffer_stream):
+    text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
+        io.BufferedReader(_WindowsConsoleReader(STDIN_HANDLE)),
+        'utf-16-le', 'strict', line_buffering=True)
+    return ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream)
+
+
+def _get_text_stdout(buffer_stream):
+    text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
+        io.BufferedWriter(_WindowsConsoleWriter(STDOUT_HANDLE)),
+        'utf-16-le', 'strict', line_buffering=True)
+    return ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream)
+
+
+def _get_text_stderr(buffer_stream):
+    text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
+        io.BufferedWriter(_WindowsConsoleWriter(STDERR_HANDLE)),
+        'utf-16-le', 'strict', line_buffering=True)
+    return ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream)
+
+
+if PY2:
+    def _hash_py_argv():
+        return zlib.crc32('\x00'.join(sys.argv[1:]))
+
+    _initial_argv_hash = _hash_py_argv()
+
+    def _get_windows_argv():
+        argc = c_int(0)
+        argv_unicode = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), byref(argc))
+        argv = [argv_unicode[i] for i in range(0, argc.value)]
+
+        if not hasattr(sys, 'frozen'):
+            argv = argv[1:]
+            while len(argv) > 0:
+                arg = argv[0]
+                if not arg.startswith('-') or arg == '-':
+                    break
+                argv = argv[1:]
+                if arg.startswith(('-c', '-m')):
+                    break
+
+        return argv[1:]
+
+
+_stream_factories = {
+    0: _get_text_stdin,
+    1: _get_text_stdout,
+    2: _get_text_stderr,
+}
+
+
+def _get_windows_console_stream(f, encoding, errors):
+    if get_buffer is not None and \
+       encoding in ('utf-16-le', None) \
+       and errors in ('strict', None) and \
+       hasattr(f, 'isatty') and f.isatty():
+        func = _stream_factories.get(f.fileno())
+        if func is not None:
+            if not PY2:
+                f = getattr(f, 'buffer', None)
+                if f is None:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                # If we are on Python 2 we need to set the stream that we
+                # deal with to binary mode as otherwise the exercise if a
+                # bit moot.  The same problems apply as for
+                # get_binary_stdin and friends from _compat.
+                msvcrt.setmode(f.fileno(), os.O_BINARY)
+            return func(f)
diff --git a/python/click/core.py b/python/click/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a1e342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1856 @@
+import errno
+import inspect
+import os
+import sys
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from itertools import repeat
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+from .types import convert_type, IntRange, BOOL
+from .utils import PacifyFlushWrapper, make_str, make_default_short_help, \
+     echo, get_os_args
+from .exceptions import ClickException, UsageError, BadParameter, Abort, \
+     MissingParameter, Exit
+from .termui import prompt, confirm, style
+from .formatting import HelpFormatter, join_options
+from .parser import OptionParser, split_opt
+from .globals import push_context, pop_context
+
+from ._compat import PY2, isidentifier, iteritems, string_types
+from ._unicodefun import _check_for_unicode_literals, _verify_python3_env
+
+
+_missing = object()
+
+
+SUBCOMMAND_METAVAR = 'COMMAND [ARGS]...'
+SUBCOMMANDS_METAVAR = 'COMMAND1 [ARGS]... [COMMAND2 [ARGS]...]...'
+
+DEPRECATED_HELP_NOTICE = ' (DEPRECATED)'
+DEPRECATED_INVOKE_NOTICE = 'DeprecationWarning: ' + \
+                           'The command %(name)s is deprecated.'
+
+
+def _maybe_show_deprecated_notice(cmd):
+    if cmd.deprecated:
+        echo(style(DEPRECATED_INVOKE_NOTICE % {'name': cmd.name}, fg='red'), err=True)
+
+
+def fast_exit(code):
+    """Exit without garbage collection, this speeds up exit by about 10ms for
+    things like bash completion.
+    """
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+    sys.stderr.flush()
+    os._exit(code)
+
+
+def _bashcomplete(cmd, prog_name, complete_var=None):
+    """Internal handler for the bash completion support."""
+    if complete_var is None:
+        complete_var = '_%s_COMPLETE' % (prog_name.replace('-', '_')).upper()
+    complete_instr = os.environ.get(complete_var)
+    if not complete_instr:
+        return
+
+    from ._bashcomplete import bashcomplete
+    if bashcomplete(cmd, prog_name, complete_var, complete_instr):
+        fast_exit(1)
+
+
+def _check_multicommand(base_command, cmd_name, cmd, register=False):
+    if not base_command.chain or not isinstance(cmd, MultiCommand):
+        return
+    if register:
+        hint = 'It is not possible to add multi commands as children to ' \
+               'another multi command that is in chain mode'
+    else:
+        hint = 'Found a multi command as subcommand to a multi command ' \
+               'that is in chain mode.  This is not supported'
+    raise RuntimeError('%s.  Command "%s" is set to chain and "%s" was '
+                       'added as subcommand but it in itself is a '
+                       'multi command.  ("%s" is a %s within a chained '
+                       '%s named "%s").' % (
+                           hint, base_command.name, cmd_name,
+                           cmd_name, cmd.__class__.__name__,
+                           base_command.__class__.__name__,
+                           base_command.name))
+
+
+def batch(iterable, batch_size):
+    return list(zip(*repeat(iter(iterable), batch_size)))
+
+
+def invoke_param_callback(callback, ctx, param, value):
+    code = getattr(callback, '__code__', None)
+    args = getattr(code, 'co_argcount', 3)
+
+    if args < 3:
+        # This will become a warning in Click 3.0:
+        from warnings import warn
+        warn(Warning('Invoked legacy parameter callback "%s".  The new '
+                     'signature for such callbacks starting with '
+                     'click 2.0 is (ctx, param, value).'
+                     % callback), stacklevel=3)
+        return callback(ctx, value)
+    return callback(ctx, param, value)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def augment_usage_errors(ctx, param=None):
+    """Context manager that attaches extra information to exceptions that
+    fly.
+    """
+    try:
+        yield
+    except BadParameter as e:
+        if e.ctx is None:
+            e.ctx = ctx
+        if param is not None and e.param is None:
+            e.param = param
+        raise
+    except UsageError as e:
+        if e.ctx is None:
+            e.ctx = ctx
+        raise
+
+
+def iter_params_for_processing(invocation_order, declaration_order):
+    """Given a sequence of parameters in the order as should be considered
+    for processing and an iterable of parameters that exist, this returns
+    a list in the correct order as they should be processed.
+    """
+    def sort_key(item):
+        try:
+            idx = invocation_order.index(item)
+        except ValueError:
+            idx = float('inf')
+        return (not item.is_eager, idx)
+
+    return sorted(declaration_order, key=sort_key)
+
+
+class Context(object):
+    """The context is a special internal object that holds state relevant
+    for the script execution at every single level.  It's normally invisible
+    to commands unless they opt-in to getting access to it.
+
+    The context is useful as it can pass internal objects around and can
+    control special execution features such as reading data from
+    environment variables.
+
+    A context can be used as context manager in which case it will call
+    :meth:`close` on teardown.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+       Added the `resilient_parsing`, `help_option_names`,
+       `token_normalize_func` parameters.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+       Added the `allow_extra_args` and `allow_interspersed_args`
+       parameters.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+       Added the `color`, `ignore_unknown_options`, and
+       `max_content_width` parameters.
+
+    :param command: the command class for this context.
+    :param parent: the parent context.
+    :param info_name: the info name for this invocation.  Generally this
+                      is the most descriptive name for the script or
+                      command.  For the toplevel script it is usually
+                      the name of the script, for commands below it it's
+                      the name of the script.
+    :param obj: an arbitrary object of user data.
+    :param auto_envvar_prefix: the prefix to use for automatic environment
+                               variables.  If this is `None` then reading
+                               from environment variables is disabled.  This
+                               does not affect manually set environment
+                               variables which are always read.
+    :param default_map: a dictionary (like object) with default values
+                        for parameters.
+    :param terminal_width: the width of the terminal.  The default is
+                           inherit from parent context.  If no context
+                           defines the terminal width then auto
+                           detection will be applied.
+    :param max_content_width: the maximum width for content rendered by
+                              Click (this currently only affects help
+                              pages).  This defaults to 80 characters if
+                              not overridden.  In other words: even if the
+                              terminal is larger than that, Click will not
+                              format things wider than 80 characters by
+                              default.  In addition to that, formatters might
+                              add some safety mapping on the right.
+    :param resilient_parsing: if this flag is enabled then Click will
+                              parse without any interactivity or callback
+                              invocation.  Default values will also be
+                              ignored.  This is useful for implementing
+                              things such as completion support.
+    :param allow_extra_args: if this is set to `True` then extra arguments
+                             at the end will not raise an error and will be
+                             kept on the context.  The default is to inherit
+                             from the command.
+    :param allow_interspersed_args: if this is set to `False` then options
+                                    and arguments cannot be mixed.  The
+                                    default is to inherit from the command.
+    :param ignore_unknown_options: instructs click to ignore options it does
+                                   not know and keeps them for later
+                                   processing.
+    :param help_option_names: optionally a list of strings that define how
+                              the default help parameter is named.  The
+                              default is ``['--help']``.
+    :param token_normalize_func: an optional function that is used to
+                                 normalize tokens (options, choices,
+                                 etc.).  This for instance can be used to
+                                 implement case insensitive behavior.
+    :param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not.  The
+                  default is autodetection.  This is only needed if ANSI
+                  codes are used in texts that Click prints which is by
+                  default not the case.  This for instance would affect
+                  help output.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, command, parent=None, info_name=None, obj=None,
+                 auto_envvar_prefix=None, default_map=None,
+                 terminal_width=None, max_content_width=None,
+                 resilient_parsing=False, allow_extra_args=None,
+                 allow_interspersed_args=None,
+                 ignore_unknown_options=None, help_option_names=None,
+                 token_normalize_func=None, color=None):
+        #: the parent context or `None` if none exists.
+        self.parent = parent
+        #: the :class:`Command` for this context.
+        self.command = command
+        #: the descriptive information name
+        self.info_name = info_name
+        #: the parsed parameters except if the value is hidden in which
+        #: case it's not remembered.
+        self.params = {}
+        #: the leftover arguments.
+        self.args = []
+        #: protected arguments.  These are arguments that are prepended
+        #: to `args` when certain parsing scenarios are encountered but
+        #: must be never propagated to another arguments.  This is used
+        #: to implement nested parsing.
+        self.protected_args = []
+        if obj is None and parent is not None:
+            obj = parent.obj
+        #: the user object stored.
+        self.obj = obj
+        self._meta = getattr(parent, 'meta', {})
+
+        #: A dictionary (-like object) with defaults for parameters.
+        if default_map is None \
+           and parent is not None \
+           and parent.default_map is not None:
+            default_map = parent.default_map.get(info_name)
+        self.default_map = default_map
+
+        #: This flag indicates if a subcommand is going to be executed. A
+        #: group callback can use this information to figure out if it's
+        #: being executed directly or because the execution flow passes
+        #: onwards to a subcommand. By default it's None, but it can be
+        #: the name of the subcommand to execute.
+        #:
+        #: If chaining is enabled this will be set to ``'*'`` in case
+        #: any commands are executed.  It is however not possible to
+        #: figure out which ones.  If you require this knowledge you
+        #: should use a :func:`resultcallback`.
+        self.invoked_subcommand = None
+
+        if terminal_width is None and parent is not None:
+            terminal_width = parent.terminal_width
+        #: The width of the terminal (None is autodetection).
+        self.terminal_width = terminal_width
+
+        if max_content_width is None and parent is not None:
+            max_content_width = parent.max_content_width
+        #: The maximum width of formatted content (None implies a sensible
+        #: default which is 80 for most things).
+        self.max_content_width = max_content_width
+
+        if allow_extra_args is None:
+            allow_extra_args = command.allow_extra_args
+        #: Indicates if the context allows extra args or if it should
+        #: fail on parsing.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        self.allow_extra_args = allow_extra_args
+
+        if allow_interspersed_args is None:
+            allow_interspersed_args = command.allow_interspersed_args
+        #: Indicates if the context allows mixing of arguments and
+        #: options or not.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        self.allow_interspersed_args = allow_interspersed_args
+
+        if ignore_unknown_options is None:
+            ignore_unknown_options = command.ignore_unknown_options
+        #: Instructs click to ignore options that a command does not
+        #: understand and will store it on the context for later
+        #: processing.  This is primarily useful for situations where you
+        #: want to call into external programs.  Generally this pattern is
+        #: strongly discouraged because it's not possibly to losslessly
+        #: forward all arguments.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 4.0
+        self.ignore_unknown_options = ignore_unknown_options
+
+        if help_option_names is None:
+            if parent is not None:
+                help_option_names = parent.help_option_names
+            else:
+                help_option_names = ['--help']
+
+        #: The names for the help options.
+        self.help_option_names = help_option_names
+
+        if token_normalize_func is None and parent is not None:
+            token_normalize_func = parent.token_normalize_func
+
+        #: An optional normalization function for tokens.  This is
+        #: options, choices, commands etc.
+        self.token_normalize_func = token_normalize_func
+
+        #: Indicates if resilient parsing is enabled.  In that case Click
+        #: will do its best to not cause any failures and default values
+        #: will be ignored. Useful for completion.
+        self.resilient_parsing = resilient_parsing
+
+        # If there is no envvar prefix yet, but the parent has one and
+        # the command on this level has a name, we can expand the envvar
+        # prefix automatically.
+        if auto_envvar_prefix is None:
+            if parent is not None \
+               and parent.auto_envvar_prefix is not None and \
+               self.info_name is not None:
+                auto_envvar_prefix = '%s_%s' % (parent.auto_envvar_prefix,
+                                           self.info_name.upper())
+        else:
+            auto_envvar_prefix = auto_envvar_prefix.upper()
+        self.auto_envvar_prefix = auto_envvar_prefix
+
+        if color is None and parent is not None:
+            color = parent.color
+
+        #: Controls if styling output is wanted or not.
+        self.color = color
+
+        self._close_callbacks = []
+        self._depth = 0
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._depth += 1
+        push_context(self)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self._depth -= 1
+        if self._depth == 0:
+            self.close()
+        pop_context()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def scope(self, cleanup=True):
+        """This helper method can be used with the context object to promote
+        it to the current thread local (see :func:`get_current_context`).
+        The default behavior of this is to invoke the cleanup functions which
+        can be disabled by setting `cleanup` to `False`.  The cleanup
+        functions are typically used for things such as closing file handles.
+
+        If the cleanup is intended the context object can also be directly
+        used as a context manager.
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            with ctx.scope():
+                assert get_current_context() is ctx
+
+        This is equivalent::
+
+            with ctx:
+                assert get_current_context() is ctx
+
+        .. versionadded:: 5.0
+
+        :param cleanup: controls if the cleanup functions should be run or
+                        not.  The default is to run these functions.  In
+                        some situations the context only wants to be
+                        temporarily pushed in which case this can be disabled.
+                        Nested pushes automatically defer the cleanup.
+        """
+        if not cleanup:
+            self._depth += 1
+        try:
+            with self as rv:
+                yield rv
+        finally:
+            if not cleanup:
+                self._depth -= 1
+
+    @property
+    def meta(self):
+        """This is a dictionary which is shared with all the contexts
+        that are nested.  It exists so that click utilities can store some
+        state here if they need to.  It is however the responsibility of
+        that code to manage this dictionary well.
+
+        The keys are supposed to be unique dotted strings.  For instance
+        module paths are a good choice for it.  What is stored in there is
+        irrelevant for the operation of click.  However what is important is
+        that code that places data here adheres to the general semantics of
+        the system.
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            LANG_KEY = __name__ + '.lang'
+
+            def set_language(value):
+                ctx = get_current_context()
+                ctx.meta[LANG_KEY] = value
+
+            def get_language():
+                return get_current_context().meta.get(LANG_KEY, 'en_US')
+
+        .. versionadded:: 5.0
+        """
+        return self._meta
+
+    def make_formatter(self):
+        """Creates the formatter for the help and usage output."""
+        return HelpFormatter(width=self.terminal_width,
+                             max_width=self.max_content_width)
+
+    def call_on_close(self, f):
+        """This decorator remembers a function as callback that should be
+        executed when the context tears down.  This is most useful to bind
+        resource handling to the script execution.  For instance, file objects
+        opened by the :class:`File` type will register their close callbacks
+        here.
+
+        :param f: the function to execute on teardown.
+        """
+        self._close_callbacks.append(f)
+        return f
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Invokes all close callbacks."""
+        for cb in self._close_callbacks:
+            cb()
+        self._close_callbacks = []
+
+    @property
+    def command_path(self):
+        """The computed command path.  This is used for the ``usage``
+        information on the help page.  It's automatically created by
+        combining the info names of the chain of contexts to the root.
+        """
+        rv = ''
+        if self.info_name is not None:
+            rv = self.info_name
+        if self.parent is not None:
+            rv = self.parent.command_path + ' ' + rv
+        return rv.lstrip()
+
+    def find_root(self):
+        """Finds the outermost context."""
+        node = self
+        while node.parent is not None:
+            node = node.parent
+        return node
+
+    def find_object(self, object_type):
+        """Finds the closest object of a given type."""
+        node = self
+        while node is not None:
+            if isinstance(node.obj, object_type):
+                return node.obj
+            node = node.parent
+
+    def ensure_object(self, object_type):
+        """Like :meth:`find_object` but sets the innermost object to a
+        new instance of `object_type` if it does not exist.
+        """
+        rv = self.find_object(object_type)
+        if rv is None:
+            self.obj = rv = object_type()
+        return rv
+
+    def lookup_default(self, name):
+        """Looks up the default for a parameter name.  This by default
+        looks into the :attr:`default_map` if available.
+        """
+        if self.default_map is not None:
+            rv = self.default_map.get(name)
+            if callable(rv):
+                rv = rv()
+            return rv
+
+    def fail(self, message):
+        """Aborts the execution of the program with a specific error
+        message.
+
+        :param message: the error message to fail with.
+        """
+        raise UsageError(message, self)
+
+    def abort(self):
+        """Aborts the script."""
+        raise Abort()
+
+    def exit(self, code=0):
+        """Exits the application with a given exit code."""
+        raise Exit(code)
+
+    def get_usage(self):
+        """Helper method to get formatted usage string for the current
+        context and command.
+        """
+        return self.command.get_usage(self)
+
+    def get_help(self):
+        """Helper method to get formatted help page for the current
+        context and command.
+        """
+        return self.command.get_help(self)
+
+    def invoke(*args, **kwargs):
+        """Invokes a command callback in exactly the way it expects.  There
+        are two ways to invoke this method:
+
+        1.  the first argument can be a callback and all other arguments and
+            keyword arguments are forwarded directly to the function.
+        2.  the first argument is a click command object.  In that case all
+            arguments are forwarded as well but proper click parameters
+            (options and click arguments) must be keyword arguments and Click
+            will fill in defaults.
+
+        Note that before Click 3.2 keyword arguments were not properly filled
+        in against the intention of this code and no context was created.  For
+        more information about this change and why it was done in a bugfix
+        release see :ref:`upgrade-to-3.2`.
+        """
+        self, callback = args[:2]
+        ctx = self
+
+        # It's also possible to invoke another command which might or
+        # might not have a callback.  In that case we also fill
+        # in defaults and make a new context for this command.
+        if isinstance(callback, Command):
+            other_cmd = callback
+            callback = other_cmd.callback
+            ctx = Context(other_cmd, info_name=other_cmd.name, parent=self)
+            if callback is None:
+                raise TypeError('The given command does not have a '
+                                'callback that can be invoked.')
+
+            for param in other_cmd.params:
+                if param.name not in kwargs and param.expose_value:
+                    kwargs[param.name] = param.get_default(ctx)
+
+        args = args[2:]
+        with augment_usage_errors(self):
+            with ctx:
+                return callback(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def forward(*args, **kwargs):
+        """Similar to :meth:`invoke` but fills in default keyword
+        arguments from the current context if the other command expects
+        it.  This cannot invoke callbacks directly, only other commands.
+        """
+        self, cmd = args[:2]
+
+        # It's also possible to invoke another command which might or
+        # might not have a callback.
+        if not isinstance(cmd, Command):
+            raise TypeError('Callback is not a command.')
+
+        for param in self.params:
+            if param not in kwargs:
+                kwargs[param] = self.params[param]
+
+        return self.invoke(cmd, **kwargs)
+
+
+class BaseCommand(object):
+    """The base command implements the minimal API contract of commands.
+    Most code will never use this as it does not implement a lot of useful
+    functionality but it can act as the direct subclass of alternative
+    parsing methods that do not depend on the Click parser.
+
+    For instance, this can be used to bridge Click and other systems like
+    argparse or docopt.
+
+    Because base commands do not implement a lot of the API that other
+    parts of Click take for granted, they are not supported for all
+    operations.  For instance, they cannot be used with the decorators
+    usually and they have no built-in callback system.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+       Added the `context_settings` parameter.
+
+    :param name: the name of the command to use unless a group overrides it.
+    :param context_settings: an optional dictionary with defaults that are
+                             passed to the context object.
+    """
+    #: the default for the :attr:`Context.allow_extra_args` flag.
+    allow_extra_args = False
+    #: the default for the :attr:`Context.allow_interspersed_args` flag.
+    allow_interspersed_args = True
+    #: the default for the :attr:`Context.ignore_unknown_options` flag.
+    ignore_unknown_options = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name, context_settings=None):
+        #: the name the command thinks it has.  Upon registering a command
+        #: on a :class:`Group` the group will default the command name
+        #: with this information.  You should instead use the
+        #: :class:`Context`\'s :attr:`~Context.info_name` attribute.
+        self.name = name
+        if context_settings is None:
+            context_settings = {}
+        #: an optional dictionary with defaults passed to the context.
+        self.context_settings = context_settings
+
+    def get_usage(self, ctx):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Base commands cannot get usage')
+
+    def get_help(self, ctx):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Base commands cannot get help')
+
+    def make_context(self, info_name, args, parent=None, **extra):
+        """This function when given an info name and arguments will kick
+        off the parsing and create a new :class:`Context`.  It does not
+        invoke the actual command callback though.
+
+        :param info_name: the info name for this invokation.  Generally this
+                          is the most descriptive name for the script or
+                          command.  For the toplevel script it's usually
+                          the name of the script, for commands below it it's
+                          the name of the script.
+        :param args: the arguments to parse as list of strings.
+        :param parent: the parent context if available.
+        :param extra: extra keyword arguments forwarded to the context
+                      constructor.
+        """
+        for key, value in iteritems(self.context_settings):
+            if key not in extra:
+                extra[key] = value
+        ctx = Context(self, info_name=info_name, parent=parent, **extra)
+        with ctx.scope(cleanup=False):
+            self.parse_args(ctx, args)
+        return ctx
+
+    def parse_args(self, ctx, args):
+        """Given a context and a list of arguments this creates the parser
+        and parses the arguments, then modifies the context as necessary.
+        This is automatically invoked by :meth:`make_context`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Base commands do not know how to parse '
+                                  'arguments.')
+
+    def invoke(self, ctx):
+        """Given a context, this invokes the command.  The default
+        implementation is raising a not implemented error.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Base commands are not invokable by default')
+
+    def main(self, args=None, prog_name=None, complete_var=None,
+             standalone_mode=True, **extra):
+        """This is the way to invoke a script with all the bells and
+        whistles as a command line application.  This will always terminate
+        the application after a call.  If this is not wanted, ``SystemExit``
+        needs to be caught.
+
+        This method is also available by directly calling the instance of
+        a :class:`Command`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+           Added the `standalone_mode` flag to control the standalone mode.
+
+        :param args: the arguments that should be used for parsing.  If not
+                     provided, ``sys.argv[1:]`` is used.
+        :param prog_name: the program name that should be used.  By default
+                          the program name is constructed by taking the file
+                          name from ``sys.argv[0]``.
+        :param complete_var: the environment variable that controls the
+                             bash completion support.  The default is
+                             ``"_<prog_name>_COMPLETE"`` with prog_name in
+                             uppercase.
+        :param standalone_mode: the default behavior is to invoke the script
+                                in standalone mode.  Click will then
+                                handle exceptions and convert them into
+                                error messages and the function will never
+                                return but shut down the interpreter.  If
+                                this is set to `False` they will be
+                                propagated to the caller and the return
+                                value of this function is the return value
+                                of :meth:`invoke`.
+        :param extra: extra keyword arguments are forwarded to the context
+                      constructor.  See :class:`Context` for more information.
+        """
+        # If we are in Python 3, we will verify that the environment is
+        # sane at this point or reject further execution to avoid a
+        # broken script.
+        if not PY2:
+            _verify_python3_env()
+        else:
+            _check_for_unicode_literals()
+
+        if args is None:
+            args = get_os_args()
+        else:
+            args = list(args)
+
+        if prog_name is None:
+            prog_name = make_str(os.path.basename(
+                sys.argv and sys.argv[0] or __file__))
+
+        # Hook for the Bash completion.  This only activates if the Bash
+        # completion is actually enabled, otherwise this is quite a fast
+        # noop.
+        _bashcomplete(self, prog_name, complete_var)
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                with self.make_context(prog_name, args, **extra) as ctx:
+                    rv = self.invoke(ctx)
+                    if not standalone_mode:
+                        return rv
+                    # it's not safe to `ctx.exit(rv)` here!
+                    # note that `rv` may actually contain data like "1" which
+                    # has obvious effects
+                    # more subtle case: `rv=[None, None]` can come out of
+                    # chained commands which all returned `None` -- so it's not
+                    # even always obvious that `rv` indicates success/failure
+                    # by its truthiness/falsiness
+                    ctx.exit()
+            except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                echo(file=sys.stderr)
+                raise Abort()
+            except ClickException as e:
+                if not standalone_mode:
+                    raise
+                e.show()
+                sys.exit(e.exit_code)
+            except IOError as e:
+                if e.errno == errno.EPIPE:
+                    sys.stdout = PacifyFlushWrapper(sys.stdout)
+                    sys.stderr = PacifyFlushWrapper(sys.stderr)
+                    sys.exit(1)
+                else:
+                    raise
+        except Exit as e:
+            if standalone_mode:
+                sys.exit(e.exit_code)
+            else:
+                # in non-standalone mode, return the exit code
+                # note that this is only reached if `self.invoke` above raises
+                # an Exit explicitly -- thus bypassing the check there which
+                # would return its result
+                # the results of non-standalone execution may therefore be
+                # somewhat ambiguous: if there are codepaths which lead to
+                # `ctx.exit(1)` and to `return 1`, the caller won't be able to
+                # tell the difference between the two
+                return e.exit_code
+        except Abort:
+            if not standalone_mode:
+                raise
+            echo('Aborted!', file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Alias for :meth:`main`."""
+        return self.main(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class Command(BaseCommand):
+    """Commands are the basic building block of command line interfaces in
+    Click.  A basic command handles command line parsing and might dispatch
+    more parsing to commands nested below it.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+       Added the `context_settings` parameter.
+
+    :param name: the name of the command to use unless a group overrides it.
+    :param context_settings: an optional dictionary with defaults that are
+                             passed to the context object.
+    :param callback: the callback to invoke.  This is optional.
+    :param params: the parameters to register with this command.  This can
+                   be either :class:`Option` or :class:`Argument` objects.
+    :param help: the help string to use for this command.
+    :param epilog: like the help string but it's printed at the end of the
+                   help page after everything else.
+    :param short_help: the short help to use for this command.  This is
+                       shown on the command listing of the parent command.
+    :param add_help_option: by default each command registers a ``--help``
+                            option.  This can be disabled by this parameter.
+    :param hidden: hide this command from help outputs.
+
+    :param deprecated: issues a message indicating that
+                             the command is deprecated.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, context_settings=None, callback=None,
+                 params=None, help=None, epilog=None, short_help=None,
+                 options_metavar='[OPTIONS]', add_help_option=True,
+                 hidden=False, deprecated=False):
+        BaseCommand.__init__(self, name, context_settings)
+        #: the callback to execute when the command fires.  This might be
+        #: `None` in which case nothing happens.
+        self.callback = callback
+        #: the list of parameters for this command in the order they
+        #: should show up in the help page and execute.  Eager parameters
+        #: will automatically be handled before non eager ones.
+        self.params = params or []
+        # if a form feed (page break) is found in the help text, truncate help
+        # text to the content preceding the first form feed
+        if help and '\f' in help:
+            help = help.split('\f', 1)[0]
+        self.help = help
+        self.epilog = epilog
+        self.options_metavar = options_metavar
+        self.short_help = short_help
+        self.add_help_option = add_help_option
+        self.hidden = hidden
+        self.deprecated = deprecated
+
+    def get_usage(self, ctx):
+        formatter = ctx.make_formatter()
+        self.format_usage(ctx, formatter)
+        return formatter.getvalue().rstrip('\n')
+
+    def get_params(self, ctx):
+        rv = self.params
+        help_option = self.get_help_option(ctx)
+        if help_option is not None:
+            rv = rv + [help_option]
+        return rv
+
+    def format_usage(self, ctx, formatter):
+        """Writes the usage line into the formatter."""
+        pieces = self.collect_usage_pieces(ctx)
+        formatter.write_usage(ctx.command_path, ' '.join(pieces))
+
+    def collect_usage_pieces(self, ctx):
+        """Returns all the pieces that go into the usage line and returns
+        it as a list of strings.
+        """
+        rv = [self.options_metavar]
+        for param in self.get_params(ctx):
+            rv.extend(param.get_usage_pieces(ctx))
+        return rv
+
+    def get_help_option_names(self, ctx):
+        """Returns the names for the help option."""
+        all_names = set(ctx.help_option_names)
+        for param in self.params:
+            all_names.difference_update(param.opts)
+            all_names.difference_update(param.secondary_opts)
+        return all_names
+
+    def get_help_option(self, ctx):
+        """Returns the help option object."""
+        help_options = self.get_help_option_names(ctx)
+        if not help_options or not self.add_help_option:
+            return
+
+        def show_help(ctx, param, value):
+            if value and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                echo(ctx.get_help(), color=ctx.color)
+                ctx.exit()
+        return Option(help_options, is_flag=True,
+                      is_eager=True, expose_value=False,
+                      callback=show_help,
+                      help='Show this message and exit.')
+
+    def make_parser(self, ctx):
+        """Creates the underlying option parser for this command."""
+        parser = OptionParser(ctx)
+        for param in self.get_params(ctx):
+            param.add_to_parser(parser, ctx)
+        return parser
+
+    def get_help(self, ctx):
+        """Formats the help into a string and returns it.  This creates a
+        formatter and will call into the following formatting methods:
+        """
+        formatter = ctx.make_formatter()
+        self.format_help(ctx, formatter)
+        return formatter.getvalue().rstrip('\n')
+
+    def get_short_help_str(self, limit=45):
+        """Gets short help for the command or makes it by shortening the long help string."""
+        return self.short_help or self.help and make_default_short_help(self.help, limit) or ''
+
+    def format_help(self, ctx, formatter):
+        """Writes the help into the formatter if it exists.
+
+        This calls into the following methods:
+
+        -   :meth:`format_usage`
+        -   :meth:`format_help_text`
+        -   :meth:`format_options`
+        -   :meth:`format_epilog`
+        """
+        self.format_usage(ctx, formatter)
+        self.format_help_text(ctx, formatter)
+        self.format_options(ctx, formatter)
+        self.format_epilog(ctx, formatter)
+
+    def format_help_text(self, ctx, formatter):
+        """Writes the help text to the formatter if it exists."""
+        if self.help:
+            formatter.write_paragraph()
+            with formatter.indentation():
+                help_text = self.help
+                if self.deprecated:
+                    help_text += DEPRECATED_HELP_NOTICE
+                formatter.write_text(help_text)
+        elif self.deprecated:
+            formatter.write_paragraph()
+            with formatter.indentation():
+                formatter.write_text(DEPRECATED_HELP_NOTICE)
+
+    def format_options(self, ctx, formatter):
+        """Writes all the options into the formatter if they exist."""
+        opts = []
+        for param in self.get_params(ctx):
+            rv = param.get_help_record(ctx)
+            if rv is not None:
+                opts.append(rv)
+
+        if opts:
+            with formatter.section('Options'):
+                formatter.write_dl(opts)
+
+    def format_epilog(self, ctx, formatter):
+        """Writes the epilog into the formatter if it exists."""
+        if self.epilog:
+            formatter.write_paragraph()
+            with formatter.indentation():
+                formatter.write_text(self.epilog)
+
+    def parse_args(self, ctx, args):
+        parser = self.make_parser(ctx)
+        opts, args, param_order = parser.parse_args(args=args)
+
+        for param in iter_params_for_processing(
+                param_order, self.get_params(ctx)):
+            value, args = param.handle_parse_result(ctx, opts, args)
+
+        if args and not ctx.allow_extra_args and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            ctx.fail('Got unexpected extra argument%s (%s)'
+                     % (len(args) != 1 and 's' or '',
+                        ' '.join(map(make_str, args))))
+
+        ctx.args = args
+        return args
+
+    def invoke(self, ctx):
+        """Given a context, this invokes the attached callback (if it exists)
+        in the right way.
+        """
+        _maybe_show_deprecated_notice(self)
+        if self.callback is not None:
+            return ctx.invoke(self.callback, **ctx.params)
+
+
+class MultiCommand(Command):
+    """A multi command is the basic implementation of a command that
+    dispatches to subcommands.  The most common version is the
+    :class:`Group`.
+
+    :param invoke_without_command: this controls how the multi command itself
+                                   is invoked.  By default it's only invoked
+                                   if a subcommand is provided.
+    :param no_args_is_help: this controls what happens if no arguments are
+                            provided.  This option is enabled by default if
+                            `invoke_without_command` is disabled or disabled
+                            if it's enabled.  If enabled this will add
+                            ``--help`` as argument if no arguments are
+                            passed.
+    :param subcommand_metavar: the string that is used in the documentation
+                               to indicate the subcommand place.
+    :param chain: if this is set to `True` chaining of multiple subcommands
+                  is enabled.  This restricts the form of commands in that
+                  they cannot have optional arguments but it allows
+                  multiple commands to be chained together.
+    :param result_callback: the result callback to attach to this multi
+                            command.
+    """
+    allow_extra_args = True
+    allow_interspersed_args = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, invoke_without_command=False,
+                 no_args_is_help=None, subcommand_metavar=None,
+                 chain=False, result_callback=None, **attrs):
+        Command.__init__(self, name, **attrs)
+        if no_args_is_help is None:
+            no_args_is_help = not invoke_without_command
+        self.no_args_is_help = no_args_is_help
+        self.invoke_without_command = invoke_without_command
+        if subcommand_metavar is None:
+            if chain:
+                subcommand_metavar = SUBCOMMANDS_METAVAR
+            else:
+                subcommand_metavar = SUBCOMMAND_METAVAR
+        self.subcommand_metavar = subcommand_metavar
+        self.chain = chain
+        #: The result callback that is stored.  This can be set or
+        #: overridden with the :func:`resultcallback` decorator.
+        self.result_callback = result_callback
+
+        if self.chain:
+            for param in self.params:
+                if isinstance(param, Argument) and not param.required:
+                    raise RuntimeError('Multi commands in chain mode cannot '
+                                       'have optional arguments.')
+
+    def collect_usage_pieces(self, ctx):
+        rv = Command.collect_usage_pieces(self, ctx)
+        rv.append(self.subcommand_metavar)
+        return rv
+
+    def format_options(self, ctx, formatter):
+        Command.format_options(self, ctx, formatter)
+        self.format_commands(ctx, formatter)
+
+    def resultcallback(self, replace=False):
+        """Adds a result callback to the chain command.  By default if a
+        result callback is already registered this will chain them but
+        this can be disabled with the `replace` parameter.  The result
+        callback is invoked with the return value of the subcommand
+        (or the list of return values from all subcommands if chaining
+        is enabled) as well as the parameters as they would be passed
+        to the main callback.
+
+        Example::
+
+            @click.group()
+            @click.option('-i', '--input', default=23)
+            def cli(input):
+                return 42
+
+            @cli.resultcallback()
+            def process_result(result, input):
+                return result + input
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+        :param replace: if set to `True` an already existing result
+                        callback will be removed.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            old_callback = self.result_callback
+            if old_callback is None or replace:
+                self.result_callback = f
+                return f
+            def function(__value, *args, **kwargs):
+                return f(old_callback(__value, *args, **kwargs),
+                         *args, **kwargs)
+            self.result_callback = rv = update_wrapper(function, f)
+            return rv
+        return decorator
+
+    def format_commands(self, ctx, formatter):
+        """Extra format methods for multi methods that adds all the commands
+        after the options.
+        """
+        commands = []
+        for subcommand in self.list_commands(ctx):
+            cmd = self.get_command(ctx, subcommand)
+            # What is this, the tool lied about a command.  Ignore it
+            if cmd is None:
+                continue
+            if cmd.hidden:
+                continue
+
+            commands.append((subcommand, cmd))
+
+        # allow for 3 times the default spacing
+        if len(commands):
+            limit = formatter.width - 6 - max(len(cmd[0]) for cmd in commands)
+
+            rows = []
+            for subcommand, cmd in commands:
+                help = cmd.get_short_help_str(limit)
+                rows.append((subcommand, help))
+
+            if rows:
+                with formatter.section('Commands'):
+                    formatter.write_dl(rows)
+
+    def parse_args(self, ctx, args):
+        if not args and self.no_args_is_help and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            echo(ctx.get_help(), color=ctx.color)
+            ctx.exit()
+
+        rest = Command.parse_args(self, ctx, args)
+        if self.chain:
+            ctx.protected_args = rest
+            ctx.args = []
+        elif rest:
+            ctx.protected_args, ctx.args = rest[:1], rest[1:]
+
+        return ctx.args
+
+    def invoke(self, ctx):
+        def _process_result(value):
+            if self.result_callback is not None:
+                value = ctx.invoke(self.result_callback, value,
+                                   **ctx.params)
+            return value
+
+        if not ctx.protected_args:
+            # If we are invoked without command the chain flag controls
+            # how this happens.  If we are not in chain mode, the return
+            # value here is the return value of the command.
+            # If however we are in chain mode, the return value is the
+            # return value of the result processor invoked with an empty
+            # list (which means that no subcommand actually was executed).
+            if self.invoke_without_command:
+                if not self.chain:
+                    return Command.invoke(self, ctx)
+                with ctx:
+                    Command.invoke(self, ctx)
+                    return _process_result([])
+            ctx.fail('Missing command.')
+
+        # Fetch args back out
+        args = ctx.protected_args + ctx.args
+        ctx.args = []
+        ctx.protected_args = []
+
+        # If we're not in chain mode, we only allow the invocation of a
+        # single command but we also inform the current context about the
+        # name of the command to invoke.
+        if not self.chain:
+            # Make sure the context is entered so we do not clean up
+            # resources until the result processor has worked.
+            with ctx:
+                cmd_name, cmd, args = self.resolve_command(ctx, args)
+                ctx.invoked_subcommand = cmd_name
+                Command.invoke(self, ctx)
+                sub_ctx = cmd.make_context(cmd_name, args, parent=ctx)
+                with sub_ctx:
+                    return _process_result(sub_ctx.command.invoke(sub_ctx))
+
+        # In chain mode we create the contexts step by step, but after the
+        # base command has been invoked.  Because at that point we do not
+        # know the subcommands yet, the invoked subcommand attribute is
+        # set to ``*`` to inform the command that subcommands are executed
+        # but nothing else.
+        with ctx:
+            ctx.invoked_subcommand = args and '*' or None
+            Command.invoke(self, ctx)
+
+            # Otherwise we make every single context and invoke them in a
+            # chain.  In that case the return value to the result processor
+            # is the list of all invoked subcommand's results.
+            contexts = []
+            while args:
+                cmd_name, cmd, args = self.resolve_command(ctx, args)
+                sub_ctx = cmd.make_context(cmd_name, args, parent=ctx,
+                                           allow_extra_args=True,
+                                           allow_interspersed_args=False)
+                contexts.append(sub_ctx)
+                args, sub_ctx.args = sub_ctx.args, []
+
+            rv = []
+            for sub_ctx in contexts:
+                with sub_ctx:
+                    rv.append(sub_ctx.command.invoke(sub_ctx))
+            return _process_result(rv)
+
+    def resolve_command(self, ctx, args):
+        cmd_name = make_str(args[0])
+        original_cmd_name = cmd_name
+
+        # Get the command
+        cmd = self.get_command(ctx, cmd_name)
+
+        # If we can't find the command but there is a normalization
+        # function available, we try with that one.
+        if cmd is None and ctx.token_normalize_func is not None:
+            cmd_name = ctx.token_normalize_func(cmd_name)
+            cmd = self.get_command(ctx, cmd_name)
+
+        # If we don't find the command we want to show an error message
+        # to the user that it was not provided.  However, there is
+        # something else we should do: if the first argument looks like
+        # an option we want to kick off parsing again for arguments to
+        # resolve things like --help which now should go to the main
+        # place.
+        if cmd is None and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            if split_opt(cmd_name)[0]:
+                self.parse_args(ctx, ctx.args)
+            ctx.fail('No such command "%s".' % original_cmd_name)
+
+        return cmd_name, cmd, args[1:]
+
+    def get_command(self, ctx, cmd_name):
+        """Given a context and a command name, this returns a
+        :class:`Command` object if it exists or returns `None`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def list_commands(self, ctx):
+        """Returns a list of subcommand names in the order they should
+        appear.
+        """
+        return []
+
+
+class Group(MultiCommand):
+    """A group allows a command to have subcommands attached.  This is the
+    most common way to implement nesting in Click.
+
+    :param commands: a dictionary of commands.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, commands=None, **attrs):
+        MultiCommand.__init__(self, name, **attrs)
+        #: the registered subcommands by their exported names.
+        self.commands = commands or {}
+
+    def add_command(self, cmd, name=None):
+        """Registers another :class:`Command` with this group.  If the name
+        is not provided, the name of the command is used.
+        """
+        name = name or cmd.name
+        if name is None:
+            raise TypeError('Command has no name.')
+        _check_multicommand(self, name, cmd, register=True)
+        self.commands[name] = cmd
+
+    def command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """A shortcut decorator for declaring and attaching a command to
+        the group.  This takes the same arguments as :func:`command` but
+        immediately registers the created command with this instance by
+        calling into :meth:`add_command`.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            cmd = command(*args, **kwargs)(f)
+            self.add_command(cmd)
+            return cmd
+        return decorator
+
+    def group(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """A shortcut decorator for declaring and attaching a group to
+        the group.  This takes the same arguments as :func:`group` but
+        immediately registers the created command with this instance by
+        calling into :meth:`add_command`.
+        """
+        def decorator(f):
+            cmd = group(*args, **kwargs)(f)
+            self.add_command(cmd)
+            return cmd
+        return decorator
+
+    def get_command(self, ctx, cmd_name):
+        return self.commands.get(cmd_name)
+
+    def list_commands(self, ctx):
+        return sorted(self.commands)
+
+
+class CommandCollection(MultiCommand):
+    """A command collection is a multi command that merges multiple multi
+    commands together into one.  This is a straightforward implementation
+    that accepts a list of different multi commands as sources and
+    provides all the commands for each of them.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, sources=None, **attrs):
+        MultiCommand.__init__(self, name, **attrs)
+        #: The list of registered multi commands.
+        self.sources = sources or []
+
+    def add_source(self, multi_cmd):
+        """Adds a new multi command to the chain dispatcher."""
+        self.sources.append(multi_cmd)
+
+    def get_command(self, ctx, cmd_name):
+        for source in self.sources:
+            rv = source.get_command(ctx, cmd_name)
+            if rv is not None:
+                if self.chain:
+                    _check_multicommand(self, cmd_name, rv)
+                return rv
+
+    def list_commands(self, ctx):
+        rv = set()
+        for source in self.sources:
+            rv.update(source.list_commands(ctx))
+        return sorted(rv)
+
+
+class Parameter(object):
+    r"""A parameter to a command comes in two versions: they are either
+    :class:`Option`\s or :class:`Argument`\s.  Other subclasses are currently
+    not supported by design as some of the internals for parsing are
+    intentionally not finalized.
+
+    Some settings are supported by both options and arguments.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+       Changed signature for parameter callback to also be passed the
+       parameter.  In Click 2.0, the old callback format will still work,
+       but it will raise a warning to give you change to migrate the
+       code easier.
+
+    :param param_decls: the parameter declarations for this option or
+                        argument.  This is a list of flags or argument
+                        names.
+    :param type: the type that should be used.  Either a :class:`ParamType`
+                 or a Python type.  The later is converted into the former
+                 automatically if supported.
+    :param required: controls if this is optional or not.
+    :param default: the default value if omitted.  This can also be a callable,
+                    in which case it's invoked when the default is needed
+                    without any arguments.
+    :param callback: a callback that should be executed after the parameter
+                     was matched.  This is called as ``fn(ctx, param,
+                     value)`` and needs to return the value.  Before Click
+                     2.0, the signature was ``(ctx, value)``.
+    :param nargs: the number of arguments to match.  If not ``1`` the return
+                  value is a tuple instead of single value.  The default for
+                  nargs is ``1`` (except if the type is a tuple, then it's
+                  the arity of the tuple).
+    :param metavar: how the value is represented in the help page.
+    :param expose_value: if this is `True` then the value is passed onwards
+                         to the command callback and stored on the context,
+                         otherwise it's skipped.
+    :param is_eager: eager values are processed before non eager ones.  This
+                     should not be set for arguments or it will inverse the
+                     order of processing.
+    :param envvar: a string or list of strings that are environment variables
+                   that should be checked.
+    """
+    param_type_name = 'parameter'
+
+    def __init__(self, param_decls=None, type=None, required=False,
+                 default=None, callback=None, nargs=None, metavar=None,
+                 expose_value=True, is_eager=False, envvar=None,
+                 autocompletion=None):
+        self.name, self.opts, self.secondary_opts = \
+            self._parse_decls(param_decls or (), expose_value)
+
+        self.type = convert_type(type, default)
+
+        # Default nargs to what the type tells us if we have that
+        # information available.
+        if nargs is None:
+            if self.type.is_composite:
+                nargs = self.type.arity
+            else:
+                nargs = 1
+
+        self.required = required
+        self.callback = callback
+        self.nargs = nargs
+        self.multiple = False
+        self.expose_value = expose_value
+        self.default = default
+        self.is_eager = is_eager
+        self.metavar = metavar
+        self.envvar = envvar
+        self.autocompletion = autocompletion
+
+    @property
+    def human_readable_name(self):
+        """Returns the human readable name of this parameter.  This is the
+        same as the name for options, but the metavar for arguments.
+        """
+        return self.name
+
+    def make_metavar(self):
+        if self.metavar is not None:
+            return self.metavar
+        metavar = self.type.get_metavar(self)
+        if metavar is None:
+            metavar = self.type.name.upper()
+        if self.nargs != 1:
+            metavar += '...'
+        return metavar
+
+    def get_default(self, ctx):
+        """Given a context variable this calculates the default value."""
+        # Otherwise go with the regular default.
+        if callable(self.default):
+            rv = self.default()
+        else:
+            rv = self.default
+        return self.type_cast_value(ctx, rv)
+
+    def add_to_parser(self, parser, ctx):
+        pass
+
+    def consume_value(self, ctx, opts):
+        value = opts.get(self.name)
+        if value is None:
+            value = self.value_from_envvar(ctx)
+        if value is None:
+            value = ctx.lookup_default(self.name)
+        return value
+
+    def type_cast_value(self, ctx, value):
+        """Given a value this runs it properly through the type system.
+        This automatically handles things like `nargs` and `multiple` as
+        well as composite types.
+        """
+        if self.type.is_composite:
+            if self.nargs <= 1:
+                raise TypeError('Attempted to invoke composite type '
+                                'but nargs has been set to %s.  This is '
+                                'not supported; nargs needs to be set to '
+                                'a fixed value > 1.' % self.nargs)
+            if self.multiple:
+                return tuple(self.type(x or (), self, ctx) for x in value or ())
+            return self.type(value or (), self, ctx)
+
+        def _convert(value, level):
+            if level == 0:
+                return self.type(value, self, ctx)
+            return tuple(_convert(x, level - 1) for x in value or ())
+        return _convert(value, (self.nargs != 1) + bool(self.multiple))
+
+    def process_value(self, ctx, value):
+        """Given a value and context this runs the logic to convert the
+        value as necessary.
+        """
+        # If the value we were given is None we do nothing.  This way
+        # code that calls this can easily figure out if something was
+        # not provided.  Otherwise it would be converted into an empty
+        # tuple for multiple invocations which is inconvenient.
+        if value is not None:
+            return self.type_cast_value(ctx, value)
+
+    def value_is_missing(self, value):
+        if value is None:
+            return True
+        if (self.nargs != 1 or self.multiple) and value == ():
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def full_process_value(self, ctx, value):
+        value = self.process_value(ctx, value)
+
+        if value is None and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            value = self.get_default(ctx)
+
+        if self.required and self.value_is_missing(value):
+            raise MissingParameter(ctx=ctx, param=self)
+
+        return value
+
+    def resolve_envvar_value(self, ctx):
+        if self.envvar is None:
+            return
+        if isinstance(self.envvar, (tuple, list)):
+            for envvar in self.envvar:
+                rv = os.environ.get(envvar)
+                if rv is not None:
+                    return rv
+        else:
+            return os.environ.get(self.envvar)
+
+    def value_from_envvar(self, ctx):
+        rv = self.resolve_envvar_value(ctx)
+        if rv is not None and self.nargs != 1:
+            rv = self.type.split_envvar_value(rv)
+        return rv
+
+    def handle_parse_result(self, ctx, opts, args):
+        with augment_usage_errors(ctx, param=self):
+            value = self.consume_value(ctx, opts)
+            try:
+                value = self.full_process_value(ctx, value)
+            except Exception:
+                if not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                    raise
+                value = None
+            if self.callback is not None:
+                try:
+                    value = invoke_param_callback(
+                        self.callback, ctx, self, value)
+                except Exception:
+                    if not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                        raise
+
+        if self.expose_value:
+            ctx.params[self.name] = value
+        return value, args
+
+    def get_help_record(self, ctx):
+        pass
+
+    def get_usage_pieces(self, ctx):
+        return []
+
+    def get_error_hint(self, ctx):
+        """Get a stringified version of the param for use in error messages to
+        indicate which param caused the error.
+        """
+        hint_list = self.opts or [self.human_readable_name]
+        return ' / '.join('"%s"' % x for x in hint_list)
+
+
+class Option(Parameter):
+    """Options are usually optional values on the command line and
+    have some extra features that arguments don't have.
+
+    All other parameters are passed onwards to the parameter constructor.
+
+    :param show_default: controls if the default value should be shown on the
+                         help page. Normally, defaults are not shown. If this
+                         value is a string, it shows the string instead of the
+                         value. This is particularly useful for dynamic options.
+    :param show_envvar: controls if an environment variable should be shown on
+                        the help page.  Normally, environment variables
+                        are not shown.
+    :param prompt: if set to `True` or a non empty string then the user will be
+                   prompted for input.  If set to `True` the prompt will be the
+                   option name capitalized.
+    :param confirmation_prompt: if set then the value will need to be confirmed
+                                if it was prompted for.
+    :param hide_input: if this is `True` then the input on the prompt will be
+                       hidden from the user.  This is useful for password
+                       input.
+    :param is_flag: forces this option to act as a flag.  The default is
+                    auto detection.
+    :param flag_value: which value should be used for this flag if it's
+                       enabled.  This is set to a boolean automatically if
+                       the option string contains a slash to mark two options.
+    :param multiple: if this is set to `True` then the argument is accepted
+                     multiple times and recorded.  This is similar to ``nargs``
+                     in how it works but supports arbitrary number of
+                     arguments.
+    :param count: this flag makes an option increment an integer.
+    :param allow_from_autoenv: if this is enabled then the value of this
+                               parameter will be pulled from an environment
+                               variable in case a prefix is defined on the
+                               context.
+    :param help: the help string.
+    :param hidden: hide this option from help outputs.
+    """
+    param_type_name = 'option'
+
+    def __init__(self, param_decls=None, show_default=False,
+                 prompt=False, confirmation_prompt=False,
+                 hide_input=False, is_flag=None, flag_value=None,
+                 multiple=False, count=False, allow_from_autoenv=True,
+                 type=None, help=None, hidden=False, show_choices=True,
+                 show_envvar=False, **attrs):
+        default_is_missing = attrs.get('default', _missing) is _missing
+        Parameter.__init__(self, param_decls, type=type, **attrs)
+
+        if prompt is True:
+            prompt_text = self.name.replace('_', ' ').capitalize()
+        elif prompt is False:
+            prompt_text = None
+        else:
+            prompt_text = prompt
+        self.prompt = prompt_text
+        self.confirmation_prompt = confirmation_prompt
+        self.hide_input = hide_input
+        self.hidden = hidden
+
+        # Flags
+        if is_flag is None:
+            if flag_value is not None:
+                is_flag = True
+            else:
+                is_flag = bool(self.secondary_opts)
+        if is_flag and default_is_missing:
+            self.default = False
+        if flag_value is None:
+            flag_value = not self.default
+        self.is_flag = is_flag
+        self.flag_value = flag_value
+        if self.is_flag and isinstance(self.flag_value, bool) \
+           and type is None:
+            self.type = BOOL
+            self.is_bool_flag = True
+        else:
+            self.is_bool_flag = False
+
+        # Counting
+        self.count = count
+        if count:
+            if type is None:
+                self.type = IntRange(min=0)
+            if default_is_missing:
+                self.default = 0
+
+        self.multiple = multiple
+        self.allow_from_autoenv = allow_from_autoenv
+        self.help = help
+        self.show_default = show_default
+        self.show_choices = show_choices
+        self.show_envvar = show_envvar
+
+        # Sanity check for stuff we don't support
+        if __debug__:
+            if self.nargs < 0:
+                raise TypeError('Options cannot have nargs < 0')
+            if self.prompt and self.is_flag and not self.is_bool_flag:
+                raise TypeError('Cannot prompt for flags that are not bools.')
+            if not self.is_bool_flag and self.secondary_opts:
+                raise TypeError('Got secondary option for non boolean flag.')
+            if self.is_bool_flag and self.hide_input \
+               and self.prompt is not None:
+                raise TypeError('Hidden input does not work with boolean '
+                                'flag prompts.')
+            if self.count:
+                if self.multiple:
+                    raise TypeError('Options cannot be multiple and count '
+                                    'at the same time.')
+                elif self.is_flag:
+                    raise TypeError('Options cannot be count and flags at '
+                                    'the same time.')
+
+    def _parse_decls(self, decls, expose_value):
+        opts = []
+        secondary_opts = []
+        name = None
+        possible_names = []
+
+        for decl in decls:
+            if isidentifier(decl):
+                if name is not None:
+                    raise TypeError('Name defined twice')
+                name = decl
+            else:
+                split_char = decl[:1] == '/' and ';' or '/'
+                if split_char in decl:
+                    first, second = decl.split(split_char, 1)
+                    first = first.rstrip()
+                    if first:
+                        possible_names.append(split_opt(first))
+                        opts.append(first)
+                    second = second.lstrip()
+                    if second:
+                        secondary_opts.append(second.lstrip())
+                else:
+                    possible_names.append(split_opt(decl))
+                    opts.append(decl)
+
+        if name is None and possible_names:
+            possible_names.sort(key=lambda x: -len(x[0]))  # group long options first
+            name = possible_names[0][1].replace('-', '_').lower()
+            if not isidentifier(name):
+                name = None
+
+        if name is None:
+            if not expose_value:
+                return None, opts, secondary_opts
+            raise TypeError('Could not determine name for option')
+
+        if not opts and not secondary_opts:
+            raise TypeError('No options defined but a name was passed (%s). '
+                            'Did you mean to declare an argument instead '
+                            'of an option?' % name)
+
+        return name, opts, secondary_opts
+
+    def add_to_parser(self, parser, ctx):
+        kwargs = {
+            'dest': self.name,
+            'nargs': self.nargs,
+            'obj': self,
+        }
+
+        if self.multiple:
+            action = 'append'
+        elif self.count:
+            action = 'count'
+        else:
+            action = 'store'
+
+        if self.is_flag:
+            kwargs.pop('nargs', None)
+            if self.is_bool_flag and self.secondary_opts:
+                parser.add_option(self.opts, action=action + '_const',
+                                  const=True, **kwargs)
+                parser.add_option(self.secondary_opts, action=action +
+                                  '_const', const=False, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                parser.add_option(self.opts, action=action + '_const',
+                                  const=self.flag_value,
+                                  **kwargs)
+        else:
+            kwargs['action'] = action
+            parser.add_option(self.opts, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_help_record(self, ctx):
+        if self.hidden:
+            return
+        any_prefix_is_slash = []
+
+        def _write_opts(opts):
+            rv, any_slashes = join_options(opts)
+            if any_slashes:
+                any_prefix_is_slash[:] = [True]
+            if not self.is_flag and not self.count:
+                rv += ' ' + self.make_metavar()
+            return rv
+
+        rv = [_write_opts(self.opts)]
+        if self.secondary_opts:
+            rv.append(_write_opts(self.secondary_opts))
+
+        help = self.help or ''
+        extra = []
+        if self.show_envvar:
+            envvar = self.envvar
+            if envvar is None:
+                if self.allow_from_autoenv and \
+                    ctx.auto_envvar_prefix is not None:
+                    envvar = '%s_%s' % (ctx.auto_envvar_prefix, self.name.upper())
+            if envvar is not None:
+              extra.append('env var: %s' % (
+                           ', '.join('%s' % d for d in envvar)
+                           if isinstance(envvar, (list, tuple))
+                           else envvar, ))
+        if self.default is not None and self.show_default:
+            if isinstance(self.show_default, string_types):
+                default_string = '({})'.format(self.show_default)
+            elif isinstance(self.default, (list, tuple)):
+                default_string = ', '.join('%s' % d for d in self.default)
+            elif inspect.isfunction(self.default):
+                default_string = "(dynamic)"
+            else:
+                default_string = self.default
+            extra.append('default: {}'.format(default_string))
+
+        if self.required:
+            extra.append('required')
+        if extra:
+            help = '%s[%s]' % (help and help + '  ' or '', '; '.join(extra))
+
+        return ((any_prefix_is_slash and '; ' or ' / ').join(rv), help)
+
+    def get_default(self, ctx):
+        # If we're a non boolean flag out default is more complex because
+        # we need to look at all flags in the same group to figure out
+        # if we're the the default one in which case we return the flag
+        # value as default.
+        if self.is_flag and not self.is_bool_flag:
+            for param in ctx.command.params:
+                if param.name == self.name and param.default:
+                    return param.flag_value
+            return None
+        return Parameter.get_default(self, ctx)
+
+    def prompt_for_value(self, ctx):
+        """This is an alternative flow that can be activated in the full
+        value processing if a value does not exist.  It will prompt the
+        user until a valid value exists and then returns the processed
+        value as result.
+        """
+        # Calculate the default before prompting anything to be stable.
+        default = self.get_default(ctx)
+
+        # If this is a prompt for a flag we need to handle this
+        # differently.
+        if self.is_bool_flag:
+            return confirm(self.prompt, default)
+
+        return prompt(self.prompt, default=default, type=self.type,
+                      hide_input=self.hide_input, show_choices=self.show_choices,
+                      confirmation_prompt=self.confirmation_prompt,
+                      value_proc=lambda x: self.process_value(ctx, x))
+
+    def resolve_envvar_value(self, ctx):
+        rv = Parameter.resolve_envvar_value(self, ctx)
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        if self.allow_from_autoenv and \
+           ctx.auto_envvar_prefix is not None:
+            envvar = '%s_%s' % (ctx.auto_envvar_prefix, self.name.upper())
+            return os.environ.get(envvar)
+
+    def value_from_envvar(self, ctx):
+        rv = self.resolve_envvar_value(ctx)
+        if rv is None:
+            return None
+        value_depth = (self.nargs != 1) + bool(self.multiple)
+        if value_depth > 0 and rv is not None:
+            rv = self.type.split_envvar_value(rv)
+            if self.multiple and self.nargs != 1:
+                rv = batch(rv, self.nargs)
+        return rv
+
+    def full_process_value(self, ctx, value):
+        if value is None and self.prompt is not None \
+           and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            return self.prompt_for_value(ctx)
+        return Parameter.full_process_value(self, ctx, value)
+
+
+class Argument(Parameter):
+    """Arguments are positional parameters to a command.  They generally
+    provide fewer features than options but can have infinite ``nargs``
+    and are required by default.
+
+    All parameters are passed onwards to the parameter constructor.
+    """
+    param_type_name = 'argument'
+
+    def __init__(self, param_decls, required=None, **attrs):
+        if required is None:
+            if attrs.get('default') is not None:
+                required = False
+            else:
+                required = attrs.get('nargs', 1) > 0
+        Parameter.__init__(self, param_decls, required=required, **attrs)
+        if self.default is not None and self.nargs < 0:
+            raise TypeError('nargs=-1 in combination with a default value '
+                            'is not supported.')
+
+    @property
+    def human_readable_name(self):
+        if self.metavar is not None:
+            return self.metavar
+        return self.name.upper()
+
+    def make_metavar(self):
+        if self.metavar is not None:
+            return self.metavar
+        var = self.type.get_metavar(self)
+        if not var:
+            var = self.name.upper()
+        if not self.required:
+            var = '[%s]' % var
+        if self.nargs != 1:
+            var += '...'
+        return var
+
+    def _parse_decls(self, decls, expose_value):
+        if not decls:
+            if not expose_value:
+                return None, [], []
+            raise TypeError('Could not determine name for argument')
+        if len(decls) == 1:
+            name = arg = decls[0]
+            name = name.replace('-', '_').lower()
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Arguments take exactly one '
+                            'parameter declaration, got %d' % len(decls))
+        return name, [arg], []
+
+    def get_usage_pieces(self, ctx):
+        return [self.make_metavar()]
+
+    def get_error_hint(self, ctx):
+        return '"%s"' % self.make_metavar()
+
+    def add_to_parser(self, parser, ctx):
+        parser.add_argument(dest=self.name, nargs=self.nargs,
+                            obj=self)
+
+
+# Circular dependency between decorators and core
+from .decorators import command, group
diff --git a/python/click/decorators.py b/python/click/decorators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c57c530
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/decorators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+import sys
+import inspect
+
+from functools import update_wrapper
+
+from ._compat import iteritems
+from ._unicodefun import _check_for_unicode_literals
+from .utils import echo
+from .globals import get_current_context
+
+
+def pass_context(f):
+    """Marks a callback as wanting to receive the current context
+    object as first argument.
+    """
+    def new_func(*args, **kwargs):
+        return f(get_current_context(), *args, **kwargs)
+    return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+
+
+def pass_obj(f):
+    """Similar to :func:`pass_context`, but only pass the object on the
+    context onwards (:attr:`Context.obj`).  This is useful if that object
+    represents the state of a nested system.
+    """
+    def new_func(*args, **kwargs):
+        return f(get_current_context().obj, *args, **kwargs)
+    return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+
+
+def make_pass_decorator(object_type, ensure=False):
+    """Given an object type this creates a decorator that will work
+    similar to :func:`pass_obj` but instead of passing the object of the
+    current context, it will find the innermost context of type
+    :func:`object_type`.
+
+    This generates a decorator that works roughly like this::
+
+        from functools import update_wrapper
+
+        def decorator(f):
+            @pass_context
+            def new_func(ctx, *args, **kwargs):
+                obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
+                return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
+            return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+        return decorator
+
+    :param object_type: the type of the object to pass.
+    :param ensure: if set to `True`, a new object will be created and
+                   remembered on the context if it's not there yet.
+    """
+    def decorator(f):
+        def new_func(*args, **kwargs):
+            ctx = get_current_context()
+            if ensure:
+                obj = ctx.ensure_object(object_type)
+            else:
+                obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
+            if obj is None:
+                raise RuntimeError('Managed to invoke callback without a '
+                                   'context object of type %r existing'
+                                   % object_type.__name__)
+            return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
+        return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+    return decorator
+
+
+def _make_command(f, name, attrs, cls):
+    if isinstance(f, Command):
+        raise TypeError('Attempted to convert a callback into a '
+                        'command twice.')
+    try:
+        params = f.__click_params__
+        params.reverse()
+        del f.__click_params__
+    except AttributeError:
+        params = []
+    help = attrs.get('help')
+    if help is None:
+        help = inspect.getdoc(f)
+        if isinstance(help, bytes):
+            help = help.decode('utf-8')
+    else:
+        help = inspect.cleandoc(help)
+    attrs['help'] = help
+    _check_for_unicode_literals()
+    return cls(name=name or f.__name__.lower().replace('_', '-'),
+               callback=f, params=params, **attrs)
+
+
+def command(name=None, cls=None, **attrs):
+    r"""Creates a new :class:`Command` and uses the decorated function as
+    callback.  This will also automatically attach all decorated
+    :func:`option`\s and :func:`argument`\s as parameters to the command.
+
+    The name of the command defaults to the name of the function.  If you
+    want to change that, you can pass the intended name as the first
+    argument.
+
+    All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying command class.
+
+    Once decorated the function turns into a :class:`Command` instance
+    that can be invoked as a command line utility or be attached to a
+    command :class:`Group`.
+
+    :param name: the name of the command.  This defaults to the function
+                 name with underscores replaced by dashes.
+    :param cls: the command class to instantiate.  This defaults to
+                :class:`Command`.
+    """
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = Command
+    def decorator(f):
+        cmd = _make_command(f, name, attrs, cls)
+        cmd.__doc__ = f.__doc__
+        return cmd
+    return decorator
+
+
+def group(name=None, **attrs):
+    """Creates a new :class:`Group` with a function as callback.  This
+    works otherwise the same as :func:`command` just that the `cls`
+    parameter is set to :class:`Group`.
+    """
+    attrs.setdefault('cls', Group)
+    return command(name, **attrs)
+
+
+def _param_memo(f, param):
+    if isinstance(f, Command):
+        f.params.append(param)
+    else:
+        if not hasattr(f, '__click_params__'):
+            f.__click_params__ = []
+        f.__click_params__.append(param)
+
+
+def argument(*param_decls, **attrs):
+    """Attaches an argument to the command.  All positional arguments are
+    passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Argument`; all keyword
+    arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
+    This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Argument` instance manually
+    and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
+
+    :param cls: the argument class to instantiate.  This defaults to
+                :class:`Argument`.
+    """
+    def decorator(f):
+        ArgumentClass = attrs.pop('cls', Argument)
+        _param_memo(f, ArgumentClass(param_decls, **attrs))
+        return f
+    return decorator
+
+
+def option(*param_decls, **attrs):
+    """Attaches an option to the command.  All positional arguments are
+    passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Option`; all keyword
+    arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
+    This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Option` instance manually
+    and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
+
+    :param cls: the option class to instantiate.  This defaults to
+                :class:`Option`.
+    """
+    def decorator(f):
+        # Issue 926, copy attrs, so pre-defined options can re-use the same cls=
+        option_attrs = attrs.copy()
+
+        if 'help' in option_attrs:
+            option_attrs['help'] = inspect.cleandoc(option_attrs['help'])
+        OptionClass = option_attrs.pop('cls', Option)
+        _param_memo(f, OptionClass(param_decls, **option_attrs))
+        return f
+    return decorator
+
+
+def confirmation_option(*param_decls, **attrs):
+    """Shortcut for confirmation prompts that can be ignored by passing
+    ``--yes`` as parameter.
+
+    This is equivalent to decorating a function with :func:`option` with
+    the following parameters::
+
+        def callback(ctx, param, value):
+            if not value:
+                ctx.abort()
+
+        @click.command()
+        @click.option('--yes', is_flag=True, callback=callback,
+                      expose_value=False, prompt='Do you want to continue?')
+        def dropdb():
+            pass
+    """
+    def decorator(f):
+        def callback(ctx, param, value):
+            if not value:
+                ctx.abort()
+        attrs.setdefault('is_flag', True)
+        attrs.setdefault('callback', callback)
+        attrs.setdefault('expose_value', False)
+        attrs.setdefault('prompt', 'Do you want to continue?')
+        attrs.setdefault('help', 'Confirm the action without prompting.')
+        return option(*(param_decls or ('--yes',)), **attrs)(f)
+    return decorator
+
+
+def password_option(*param_decls, **attrs):
+    """Shortcut for password prompts.
+
+    This is equivalent to decorating a function with :func:`option` with
+    the following parameters::
+
+        @click.command()
+        @click.option('--password', prompt=True, confirmation_prompt=True,
+                      hide_input=True)
+        def changeadmin(password):
+            pass
+    """
+    def decorator(f):
+        attrs.setdefault('prompt', True)
+        attrs.setdefault('confirmation_prompt', True)
+        attrs.setdefault('hide_input', True)
+        return option(*(param_decls or ('--password',)), **attrs)(f)
+    return decorator
+
+
+def version_option(version=None, *param_decls, **attrs):
+    """Adds a ``--version`` option which immediately ends the program
+    printing out the version number.  This is implemented as an eager
+    option that prints the version and exits the program in the callback.
+
+    :param version: the version number to show.  If not provided Click
+                    attempts an auto discovery via setuptools.
+    :param prog_name: the name of the program (defaults to autodetection)
+    :param message: custom message to show instead of the default
+                    (``'%(prog)s, version %(version)s'``)
+    :param others: everything else is forwarded to :func:`option`.
+    """
+    if version is None:
+        if hasattr(sys, '_getframe'):
+            module = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__')
+        else:
+            module = ''
+
+    def decorator(f):
+        prog_name = attrs.pop('prog_name', None)
+        message = attrs.pop('message', '%(prog)s, version %(version)s')
+
+        def callback(ctx, param, value):
+            if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                return
+            prog = prog_name
+            if prog is None:
+                prog = ctx.find_root().info_name
+            ver = version
+            if ver is None:
+                try:
+                    import pkg_resources
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    for dist in pkg_resources.working_set:
+                        scripts = dist.get_entry_map().get('console_scripts') or {}
+                        for script_name, entry_point in iteritems(scripts):
+                            if entry_point.module_name == module:
+                                ver = dist.version
+                                break
+                if ver is None:
+                    raise RuntimeError('Could not determine version')
+            echo(message % {
+                'prog': prog,
+                'version': ver,
+            }, color=ctx.color)
+            ctx.exit()
+
+        attrs.setdefault('is_flag', True)
+        attrs.setdefault('expose_value', False)
+        attrs.setdefault('is_eager', True)
+        attrs.setdefault('help', 'Show the version and exit.')
+        attrs['callback'] = callback
+        return option(*(param_decls or ('--version',)), **attrs)(f)
+    return decorator
+
+
+def help_option(*param_decls, **attrs):
+    """Adds a ``--help`` option which immediately ends the program
+    printing out the help page.  This is usually unnecessary to add as
+    this is added by default to all commands unless suppressed.
+
+    Like :func:`version_option`, this is implemented as eager option that
+    prints in the callback and exits.
+
+    All arguments are forwarded to :func:`option`.
+    """
+    def decorator(f):
+        def callback(ctx, param, value):
+            if value and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                echo(ctx.get_help(), color=ctx.color)
+                ctx.exit()
+        attrs.setdefault('is_flag', True)
+        attrs.setdefault('expose_value', False)
+        attrs.setdefault('help', 'Show this message and exit.')
+        attrs.setdefault('is_eager', True)
+        attrs['callback'] = callback
+        return option(*(param_decls or ('--help',)), **attrs)(f)
+    return decorator
+
+
+# Circular dependencies between core and decorators
+from .core import Command, Group, Argument, Option
diff --git a/python/click/exceptions.py b/python/click/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fa1765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+from ._compat import PY2, filename_to_ui, get_text_stderr
+from .utils import echo
+
+
+def _join_param_hints(param_hint):
+    if isinstance(param_hint, (tuple, list)):
+        return ' / '.join('"%s"' % x for x in param_hint)
+    return param_hint
+
+
+class ClickException(Exception):
+    """An exception that Click can handle and show to the user."""
+
+    #: The exit code for this exception
+    exit_code = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, message):
+        ctor_msg = message
+        if PY2:
+            if ctor_msg is not None:
+                ctor_msg = ctor_msg.encode('utf-8')
+        Exception.__init__(self, ctor_msg)
+        self.message = message
+
+    def format_message(self):
+        return self.message
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.message
+
+    if PY2:
+        __unicode__ = __str__
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.message.encode('utf-8')
+
+    def show(self, file=None):
+        if file is None:
+            file = get_text_stderr()
+        echo('Error: %s' % self.format_message(), file=file)
+
+
+class UsageError(ClickException):
+    """An internal exception that signals a usage error.  This typically
+    aborts any further handling.
+
+    :param message: the error message to display.
+    :param ctx: optionally the context that caused this error.  Click will
+                fill in the context automatically in some situations.
+    """
+    exit_code = 2
+
+    def __init__(self, message, ctx=None):
+        ClickException.__init__(self, message)
+        self.ctx = ctx
+        self.cmd = self.ctx and self.ctx.command or None
+
+    def show(self, file=None):
+        if file is None:
+            file = get_text_stderr()
+        color = None
+        hint = ''
+        if (self.cmd is not None and
+                self.cmd.get_help_option(self.ctx) is not None):
+            hint = ('Try "%s %s" for help.\n'
+                    % (self.ctx.command_path, self.ctx.help_option_names[0]))
+        if self.ctx is not None:
+            color = self.ctx.color
+            echo(self.ctx.get_usage() + '\n%s' % hint, file=file, color=color)
+        echo('Error: %s' % self.format_message(), file=file, color=color)
+
+
+class BadParameter(UsageError):
+    """An exception that formats out a standardized error message for a
+    bad parameter.  This is useful when thrown from a callback or type as
+    Click will attach contextual information to it (for instance, which
+    parameter it is).
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param param: the parameter object that caused this error.  This can
+                  be left out, and Click will attach this info itself
+                  if possible.
+    :param param_hint: a string that shows up as parameter name.  This
+                       can be used as alternative to `param` in cases
+                       where custom validation should happen.  If it is
+                       a string it's used as such, if it's a list then
+                       each item is quoted and separated.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, ctx=None, param=None,
+                 param_hint=None):
+        UsageError.__init__(self, message, ctx)
+        self.param = param
+        self.param_hint = param_hint
+
+    def format_message(self):
+        if self.param_hint is not None:
+            param_hint = self.param_hint
+        elif self.param is not None:
+            param_hint = self.param.get_error_hint(self.ctx)
+        else:
+            return 'Invalid value: %s' % self.message
+        param_hint = _join_param_hints(param_hint)
+
+        return 'Invalid value for %s: %s' % (param_hint, self.message)
+
+
+class MissingParameter(BadParameter):
+    """Raised if click required an option or argument but it was not
+    provided when invoking the script.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+
+    :param param_type: a string that indicates the type of the parameter.
+                       The default is to inherit the parameter type from
+                       the given `param`.  Valid values are ``'parameter'``,
+                       ``'option'`` or ``'argument'``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None, ctx=None, param=None,
+                 param_hint=None, param_type=None):
+        BadParameter.__init__(self, message, ctx, param, param_hint)
+        self.param_type = param_type
+
+    def format_message(self):
+        if self.param_hint is not None:
+            param_hint = self.param_hint
+        elif self.param is not None:
+            param_hint = self.param.get_error_hint(self.ctx)
+        else:
+            param_hint = None
+        param_hint = _join_param_hints(param_hint)
+
+        param_type = self.param_type
+        if param_type is None and self.param is not None:
+            param_type = self.param.param_type_name
+
+        msg = self.message
+        if self.param is not None:
+            msg_extra = self.param.type.get_missing_message(self.param)
+            if msg_extra:
+                if msg:
+                    msg += '.  ' + msg_extra
+                else:
+                    msg = msg_extra
+
+        return 'Missing %s%s%s%s' % (
+            param_type,
+            param_hint and ' %s' % param_hint or '',
+            msg and '.  ' or '.',
+            msg or '',
+        )
+
+
+class NoSuchOption(UsageError):
+    """Raised if click attempted to handle an option that does not
+    exist.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, option_name, message=None, possibilities=None,
+                 ctx=None):
+        if message is None:
+            message = 'no such option: %s' % option_name
+        UsageError.__init__(self, message, ctx)
+        self.option_name = option_name
+        self.possibilities = possibilities
+
+    def format_message(self):
+        bits = [self.message]
+        if self.possibilities:
+            if len(self.possibilities) == 1:
+                bits.append('Did you mean %s?' % self.possibilities[0])
+            else:
+                possibilities = sorted(self.possibilities)
+                bits.append('(Possible options: %s)' % ', '.join(possibilities))
+        return '  '.join(bits)
+
+
+class BadOptionUsage(UsageError):
+    """Raised if an option is generally supplied but the use of the option
+    was incorrect.  This is for instance raised if the number of arguments
+    for an option is not correct.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+
+    :param option_name: the name of the option being used incorrectly.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, option_name, message, ctx=None):
+        UsageError.__init__(self, message, ctx)
+        self.option_name = option_name
+
+
+class BadArgumentUsage(UsageError):
+    """Raised if an argument is generally supplied but the use of the argument
+    was incorrect.  This is for instance raised if the number of values
+    for an argument is not correct.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 6.0
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message, ctx=None):
+        UsageError.__init__(self, message, ctx)
+
+
+class FileError(ClickException):
+    """Raised if a file cannot be opened."""
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, hint=None):
+        ui_filename = filename_to_ui(filename)
+        if hint is None:
+            hint = 'unknown error'
+        ClickException.__init__(self, hint)
+        self.ui_filename = ui_filename
+        self.filename = filename
+
+    def format_message(self):
+        return 'Could not open file %s: %s' % (self.ui_filename, self.message)
+
+
+class Abort(RuntimeError):
+    """An internal signalling exception that signals Click to abort."""
+
+
+class Exit(RuntimeError):
+    """An exception that indicates that the application should exit with some
+    status code.
+
+    :param code: the status code to exit with.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, code=0):
+        self.exit_code = code
diff --git a/python/click/formatting.py b/python/click/formatting.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3d6a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/formatting.py
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from .termui import get_terminal_size
+from .parser import split_opt
+from ._compat import term_len
+
+
+# Can force a width.  This is used by the test system
+FORCED_WIDTH = None
+
+
+def measure_table(rows):
+    widths = {}
+    for row in rows:
+        for idx, col in enumerate(row):
+            widths[idx] = max(widths.get(idx, 0), term_len(col))
+    return tuple(y for x, y in sorted(widths.items()))
+
+
+def iter_rows(rows, col_count):
+    for row in rows:
+        row = tuple(row)
+        yield row + ('',) * (col_count - len(row))
+
+
+def wrap_text(text, width=78, initial_indent='', subsequent_indent='',
+              preserve_paragraphs=False):
+    """A helper function that intelligently wraps text.  By default, it
+    assumes that it operates on a single paragraph of text but if the
+    `preserve_paragraphs` parameter is provided it will intelligently
+    handle paragraphs (defined by two empty lines).
+
+    If paragraphs are handled, a paragraph can be prefixed with an empty
+    line containing the ``\\b`` character (``\\x08``) to indicate that
+    no rewrapping should happen in that block.
+
+    :param text: the text that should be rewrapped.
+    :param width: the maximum width for the text.
+    :param initial_indent: the initial indent that should be placed on the
+                           first line as a string.
+    :param subsequent_indent: the indent string that should be placed on
+                              each consecutive line.
+    :param preserve_paragraphs: if this flag is set then the wrapping will
+                                intelligently handle paragraphs.
+    """
+    from ._textwrap import TextWrapper
+    text = text.expandtabs()
+    wrapper = TextWrapper(width, initial_indent=initial_indent,
+                          subsequent_indent=subsequent_indent,
+                          replace_whitespace=False)
+    if not preserve_paragraphs:
+        return wrapper.fill(text)
+
+    p = []
+    buf = []
+    indent = None
+
+    def _flush_par():
+        if not buf:
+            return
+        if buf[0].strip() == '\b':
+            p.append((indent or 0, True, '\n'.join(buf[1:])))
+        else:
+            p.append((indent or 0, False, ' '.join(buf)))
+        del buf[:]
+
+    for line in text.splitlines():
+        if not line:
+            _flush_par()
+            indent = None
+        else:
+            if indent is None:
+                orig_len = term_len(line)
+                line = line.lstrip()
+                indent = orig_len - term_len(line)
+            buf.append(line)
+    _flush_par()
+
+    rv = []
+    for indent, raw, text in p:
+        with wrapper.extra_indent(' ' * indent):
+            if raw:
+                rv.append(wrapper.indent_only(text))
+            else:
+                rv.append(wrapper.fill(text))
+
+    return '\n\n'.join(rv)
+
+
+class HelpFormatter(object):
+    """This class helps with formatting text-based help pages.  It's
+    usually just needed for very special internal cases, but it's also
+    exposed so that developers can write their own fancy outputs.
+
+    At present, it always writes into memory.
+
+    :param indent_increment: the additional increment for each level.
+    :param width: the width for the text.  This defaults to the terminal
+                  width clamped to a maximum of 78.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, indent_increment=2, width=None, max_width=None):
+        self.indent_increment = indent_increment
+        if max_width is None:
+            max_width = 80
+        if width is None:
+            width = FORCED_WIDTH
+            if width is None:
+                width = max(min(get_terminal_size()[0], max_width) - 2, 50)
+        self.width = width
+        self.current_indent = 0
+        self.buffer = []
+
+    def write(self, string):
+        """Writes a unicode string into the internal buffer."""
+        self.buffer.append(string)
+
+    def indent(self):
+        """Increases the indentation."""
+        self.current_indent += self.indent_increment
+
+    def dedent(self):
+        """Decreases the indentation."""
+        self.current_indent -= self.indent_increment
+
+    def write_usage(self, prog, args='', prefix='Usage: '):
+        """Writes a usage line into the buffer.
+
+        :param prog: the program name.
+        :param args: whitespace separated list of arguments.
+        :param prefix: the prefix for the first line.
+        """
+        usage_prefix = '%*s%s ' % (self.current_indent, prefix, prog)
+        text_width = self.width - self.current_indent
+
+        if text_width >= (term_len(usage_prefix) + 20):
+            # The arguments will fit to the right of the prefix.
+            indent = ' ' * term_len(usage_prefix)
+            self.write(wrap_text(args, text_width,
+                                 initial_indent=usage_prefix,
+                                 subsequent_indent=indent))
+        else:
+            # The prefix is too long, put the arguments on the next line.
+            self.write(usage_prefix)
+            self.write('\n')
+            indent = ' ' * (max(self.current_indent, term_len(prefix)) + 4)
+            self.write(wrap_text(args, text_width,
+                                 initial_indent=indent,
+                                 subsequent_indent=indent))
+
+        self.write('\n')
+
+    def write_heading(self, heading):
+        """Writes a heading into the buffer."""
+        self.write('%*s%s:\n' % (self.current_indent, '', heading))
+
+    def write_paragraph(self):
+        """Writes a paragraph into the buffer."""
+        if self.buffer:
+            self.write('\n')
+
+    def write_text(self, text):
+        """Writes re-indented text into the buffer.  This rewraps and
+        preserves paragraphs.
+        """
+        text_width = max(self.width - self.current_indent, 11)
+        indent = ' ' * self.current_indent
+        self.write(wrap_text(text, text_width,
+                             initial_indent=indent,
+                             subsequent_indent=indent,
+                             preserve_paragraphs=True))
+        self.write('\n')
+
+    def write_dl(self, rows, col_max=30, col_spacing=2):
+        """Writes a definition list into the buffer.  This is how options
+        and commands are usually formatted.
+
+        :param rows: a list of two item tuples for the terms and values.
+        :param col_max: the maximum width of the first column.
+        :param col_spacing: the number of spaces between the first and
+                            second column.
+        """
+        rows = list(rows)
+        widths = measure_table(rows)
+        if len(widths) != 2:
+            raise TypeError('Expected two columns for definition list')
+
+        first_col = min(widths[0], col_max) + col_spacing
+
+        for first, second in iter_rows(rows, len(widths)):
+            self.write('%*s%s' % (self.current_indent, '', first))
+            if not second:
+                self.write('\n')
+                continue
+            if term_len(first) <= first_col - col_spacing:
+                self.write(' ' * (first_col - term_len(first)))
+            else:
+                self.write('\n')
+                self.write(' ' * (first_col + self.current_indent))
+
+            text_width = max(self.width - first_col - 2, 10)
+            lines = iter(wrap_text(second, text_width).splitlines())
+            if lines:
+                self.write(next(lines) + '\n')
+                for line in lines:
+                    self.write('%*s%s\n' % (
+                        first_col + self.current_indent, '', line))
+            else:
+                self.write('\n')
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def section(self, name):
+        """Helpful context manager that writes a paragraph, a heading,
+        and the indents.
+
+        :param name: the section name that is written as heading.
+        """
+        self.write_paragraph()
+        self.write_heading(name)
+        self.indent()
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.dedent()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def indentation(self):
+        """A context manager that increases the indentation."""
+        self.indent()
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.dedent()
+
+    def getvalue(self):
+        """Returns the buffer contents."""
+        return ''.join(self.buffer)
+
+
+def join_options(options):
+    """Given a list of option strings this joins them in the most appropriate
+    way and returns them in the form ``(formatted_string,
+    any_prefix_is_slash)`` where the second item in the tuple is a flag that
+    indicates if any of the option prefixes was a slash.
+    """
+    rv = []
+    any_prefix_is_slash = False
+    for opt in options:
+        prefix = split_opt(opt)[0]
+        if prefix == '/':
+            any_prefix_is_slash = True
+        rv.append((len(prefix), opt))
+
+    rv.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+    rv = ', '.join(x[1] for x in rv)
+    return rv, any_prefix_is_slash
diff --git a/python/click/globals.py b/python/click/globals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..843b594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/globals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from threading import local
+
+
+_local = local()
+
+
+def get_current_context(silent=False):
+    """Returns the current click context.  This can be used as a way to
+    access the current context object from anywhere.  This is a more implicit
+    alternative to the :func:`pass_context` decorator.  This function is
+    primarily useful for helpers such as :func:`echo` which might be
+    interested in changing its behavior based on the current context.
+
+    To push the current context, :meth:`Context.scope` can be used.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 5.0
+
+    :param silent: is set to `True` the return value is `None` if no context
+                   is available.  The default behavior is to raise a
+                   :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+    """
+    try:
+        return getattr(_local, 'stack')[-1]
+    except (AttributeError, IndexError):
+        if not silent:
+            raise RuntimeError('There is no active click context.')
+
+
+def push_context(ctx):
+    """Pushes a new context to the current stack."""
+    _local.__dict__.setdefault('stack', []).append(ctx)
+
+
+def pop_context():
+    """Removes the top level from the stack."""
+    _local.stack.pop()
+
+
+def resolve_color_default(color=None):
+    """"Internal helper to get the default value of the color flag.  If a
+    value is passed it's returned unchanged, otherwise it's looked up from
+    the current context.
+    """
+    if color is not None:
+        return color
+    ctx = get_current_context(silent=True)
+    if ctx is not None:
+        return ctx.color
diff --git a/python/click/parser.py b/python/click/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c3ae9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+click.parser
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module started out as largely a copy paste from the stdlib's
+optparse module with the features removed that we do not need from
+optparse because we implement them in Click on a higher level (for
+instance type handling, help formatting and a lot more).
+
+The plan is to remove more and more from here over time.
+
+The reason this is a different module and not optparse from the stdlib
+is that there are differences in 2.x and 3.x about the error messages
+generated and optparse in the stdlib uses gettext for no good reason
+and might cause us issues.
+"""
+
+import re
+from collections import deque
+from .exceptions import UsageError, NoSuchOption, BadOptionUsage, \
+     BadArgumentUsage
+
+
+def _unpack_args(args, nargs_spec):
+    """Given an iterable of arguments and an iterable of nargs specifications,
+    it returns a tuple with all the unpacked arguments at the first index
+    and all remaining arguments as the second.
+
+    The nargs specification is the number of arguments that should be consumed
+    or `-1` to indicate that this position should eat up all the remainders.
+
+    Missing items are filled with `None`.
+    """
+    args = deque(args)
+    nargs_spec = deque(nargs_spec)
+    rv = []
+    spos = None
+
+    def _fetch(c):
+        try:
+            if spos is None:
+                return c.popleft()
+            else:
+                return c.pop()
+        except IndexError:
+            return None
+
+    while nargs_spec:
+        nargs = _fetch(nargs_spec)
+        if nargs == 1:
+            rv.append(_fetch(args))
+        elif nargs > 1:
+            x = [_fetch(args) for _ in range(nargs)]
+            # If we're reversed, we're pulling in the arguments in reverse,
+            # so we need to turn them around.
+            if spos is not None:
+                x.reverse()
+            rv.append(tuple(x))
+        elif nargs < 0:
+            if spos is not None:
+                raise TypeError('Cannot have two nargs < 0')
+            spos = len(rv)
+            rv.append(None)
+
+    # spos is the position of the wildcard (star).  If it's not `None`,
+    # we fill it with the remainder.
+    if spos is not None:
+        rv[spos] = tuple(args)
+        args = []
+        rv[spos + 1:] = reversed(rv[spos + 1:])
+
+    return tuple(rv), list(args)
+
+
+def _error_opt_args(nargs, opt):
+    if nargs == 1:
+        raise BadOptionUsage(opt, '%s option requires an argument' % opt)
+    raise BadOptionUsage(opt, '%s option requires %d arguments' % (opt, nargs))
+
+
+def split_opt(opt):
+    first = opt[:1]
+    if first.isalnum():
+        return '', opt
+    if opt[1:2] == first:
+        return opt[:2], opt[2:]
+    return first, opt[1:]
+
+
+def normalize_opt(opt, ctx):
+    if ctx is None or ctx.token_normalize_func is None:
+        return opt
+    prefix, opt = split_opt(opt)
+    return prefix + ctx.token_normalize_func(opt)
+
+
+def split_arg_string(string):
+    """Given an argument string this attempts to split it into small parts."""
+    rv = []
+    for match in re.finditer(r"('([^'\\]*(?:\\.[^'\\]*)*)'"
+                             r'|"([^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*)"'
+                             r'|\S+)\s*', string, re.S):
+        arg = match.group().strip()
+        if arg[:1] == arg[-1:] and arg[:1] in '"\'':
+            arg = arg[1:-1].encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace') \
+                .decode('unicode-escape')
+        try:
+            arg = type(string)(arg)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            pass
+        rv.append(arg)
+    return rv
+
+
+class Option(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, opts, dest, action=None, nargs=1, const=None, obj=None):
+        self._short_opts = []
+        self._long_opts = []
+        self.prefixes = set()
+
+        for opt in opts:
+            prefix, value = split_opt(opt)
+            if not prefix:
+                raise ValueError('Invalid start character for option (%s)'
+                                 % opt)
+            self.prefixes.add(prefix[0])
+            if len(prefix) == 1 and len(value) == 1:
+                self._short_opts.append(opt)
+            else:
+                self._long_opts.append(opt)
+                self.prefixes.add(prefix)
+
+        if action is None:
+            action = 'store'
+
+        self.dest = dest
+        self.action = action
+        self.nargs = nargs
+        self.const = const
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    @property
+    def takes_value(self):
+        return self.action in ('store', 'append')
+
+    def process(self, value, state):
+        if self.action == 'store':
+            state.opts[self.dest] = value
+        elif self.action == 'store_const':
+            state.opts[self.dest] = self.const
+        elif self.action == 'append':
+            state.opts.setdefault(self.dest, []).append(value)
+        elif self.action == 'append_const':
+            state.opts.setdefault(self.dest, []).append(self.const)
+        elif self.action == 'count':
+            state.opts[self.dest] = state.opts.get(self.dest, 0) + 1
+        else:
+            raise ValueError('unknown action %r' % self.action)
+        state.order.append(self.obj)
+
+
+class Argument(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, dest, nargs=1, obj=None):
+        self.dest = dest
+        self.nargs = nargs
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    def process(self, value, state):
+        if self.nargs > 1:
+            holes = sum(1 for x in value if x is None)
+            if holes == len(value):
+                value = None
+            elif holes != 0:
+                raise BadArgumentUsage('argument %s takes %d values'
+                                       % (self.dest, self.nargs))
+        state.opts[self.dest] = value
+        state.order.append(self.obj)
+
+
+class ParsingState(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, rargs):
+        self.opts = {}
+        self.largs = []
+        self.rargs = rargs
+        self.order = []
+
+
+class OptionParser(object):
+    """The option parser is an internal class that is ultimately used to
+    parse options and arguments.  It's modelled after optparse and brings
+    a similar but vastly simplified API.  It should generally not be used
+    directly as the high level Click classes wrap it for you.
+
+    It's not nearly as extensible as optparse or argparse as it does not
+    implement features that are implemented on a higher level (such as
+    types or defaults).
+
+    :param ctx: optionally the :class:`~click.Context` where this parser
+                should go with.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx=None):
+        #: The :class:`~click.Context` for this parser.  This might be
+        #: `None` for some advanced use cases.
+        self.ctx = ctx
+        #: This controls how the parser deals with interspersed arguments.
+        #: If this is set to `False`, the parser will stop on the first
+        #: non-option.  Click uses this to implement nested subcommands
+        #: safely.
+        self.allow_interspersed_args = True
+        #: This tells the parser how to deal with unknown options.  By
+        #: default it will error out (which is sensible), but there is a
+        #: second mode where it will ignore it and continue processing
+        #: after shifting all the unknown options into the resulting args.
+        self.ignore_unknown_options = False
+        if ctx is not None:
+            self.allow_interspersed_args = ctx.allow_interspersed_args
+            self.ignore_unknown_options = ctx.ignore_unknown_options
+        self._short_opt = {}
+        self._long_opt = {}
+        self._opt_prefixes = set(['-', '--'])
+        self._args = []
+
+    def add_option(self, opts, dest, action=None, nargs=1, const=None,
+                   obj=None):
+        """Adds a new option named `dest` to the parser.  The destination
+        is not inferred (unlike with optparse) and needs to be explicitly
+        provided.  Action can be any of ``store``, ``store_const``,
+        ``append``, ``appnd_const`` or ``count``.
+
+        The `obj` can be used to identify the option in the order list
+        that is returned from the parser.
+        """
+        if obj is None:
+            obj = dest
+        opts = [normalize_opt(opt, self.ctx) for opt in opts]
+        option = Option(opts, dest, action=action, nargs=nargs,
+                        const=const, obj=obj)
+        self._opt_prefixes.update(option.prefixes)
+        for opt in option._short_opts:
+            self._short_opt[opt] = option
+        for opt in option._long_opts:
+            self._long_opt[opt] = option
+
+    def add_argument(self, dest, nargs=1, obj=None):
+        """Adds a positional argument named `dest` to the parser.
+
+        The `obj` can be used to identify the option in the order list
+        that is returned from the parser.
+        """
+        if obj is None:
+            obj = dest
+        self._args.append(Argument(dest=dest, nargs=nargs, obj=obj))
+
+    def parse_args(self, args):
+        """Parses positional arguments and returns ``(values, args, order)``
+        for the parsed options and arguments as well as the leftover
+        arguments if there are any.  The order is a list of objects as they
+        appear on the command line.  If arguments appear multiple times they
+        will be memorized multiple times as well.
+        """
+        state = ParsingState(args)
+        try:
+            self._process_args_for_options(state)
+            self._process_args_for_args(state)
+        except UsageError:
+            if self.ctx is None or not self.ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                raise
+        return state.opts, state.largs, state.order
+
+    def _process_args_for_args(self, state):
+        pargs, args = _unpack_args(state.largs + state.rargs,
+                                   [x.nargs for x in self._args])
+
+        for idx, arg in enumerate(self._args):
+            arg.process(pargs[idx], state)
+
+        state.largs = args
+        state.rargs = []
+
+    def _process_args_for_options(self, state):
+        while state.rargs:
+            arg = state.rargs.pop(0)
+            arglen = len(arg)
+            # Double dashes always handled explicitly regardless of what
+            # prefixes are valid.
+            if arg == '--':
+                return
+            elif arg[:1] in self._opt_prefixes and arglen > 1:
+                self._process_opts(arg, state)
+            elif self.allow_interspersed_args:
+                state.largs.append(arg)
+            else:
+                state.rargs.insert(0, arg)
+                return
+
+        # Say this is the original argument list:
+        # [arg0, arg1, ..., arg(i-1), arg(i), arg(i+1), ..., arg(N-1)]
+        #                            ^
+        # (we are about to process arg(i)).
+        #
+        # Then rargs is [arg(i), ..., arg(N-1)] and largs is a *subset* of
+        # [arg0, ..., arg(i-1)] (any options and their arguments will have
+        # been removed from largs).
+        #
+        # The while loop will usually consume 1 or more arguments per pass.
+        # If it consumes 1 (eg. arg is an option that takes no arguments),
+        # then after _process_arg() is done the situation is:
+        #
+        #   largs = subset of [arg0, ..., arg(i)]
+        #   rargs = [arg(i+1), ..., arg(N-1)]
+        #
+        # If allow_interspersed_args is false, largs will always be
+        # *empty* -- still a subset of [arg0, ..., arg(i-1)], but
+        # not a very interesting subset!
+
+    def _match_long_opt(self, opt, explicit_value, state):
+        if opt not in self._long_opt:
+            possibilities = [word for word in self._long_opt
+                             if word.startswith(opt)]
+            raise NoSuchOption(opt, possibilities=possibilities, ctx=self.ctx)
+
+        option = self._long_opt[opt]
+        if option.takes_value:
+            # At this point it's safe to modify rargs by injecting the
+            # explicit value, because no exception is raised in this
+            # branch.  This means that the inserted value will be fully
+            # consumed.
+            if explicit_value is not None:
+                state.rargs.insert(0, explicit_value)
+
+            nargs = option.nargs
+            if len(state.rargs) < nargs:
+                _error_opt_args(nargs, opt)
+            elif nargs == 1:
+                value = state.rargs.pop(0)
+            else:
+                value = tuple(state.rargs[:nargs])
+                del state.rargs[:nargs]
+
+        elif explicit_value is not None:
+            raise BadOptionUsage(opt, '%s option does not take a value' % opt)
+
+        else:
+            value = None
+
+        option.process(value, state)
+
+    def _match_short_opt(self, arg, state):
+        stop = False
+        i = 1
+        prefix = arg[0]
+        unknown_options = []
+
+        for ch in arg[1:]:
+            opt = normalize_opt(prefix + ch, self.ctx)
+            option = self._short_opt.get(opt)
+            i += 1
+
+            if not option:
+                if self.ignore_unknown_options:
+                    unknown_options.append(ch)
+                    continue
+                raise NoSuchOption(opt, ctx=self.ctx)
+            if option.takes_value:
+                # Any characters left in arg?  Pretend they're the
+                # next arg, and stop consuming characters of arg.
+                if i < len(arg):
+                    state.rargs.insert(0, arg[i:])
+                    stop = True
+
+                nargs = option.nargs
+                if len(state.rargs) < nargs:
+                    _error_opt_args(nargs, opt)
+                elif nargs == 1:
+                    value = state.rargs.pop(0)
+                else:
+                    value = tuple(state.rargs[:nargs])
+                    del state.rargs[:nargs]
+
+            else:
+                value = None
+
+            option.process(value, state)
+
+            if stop:
+                break
+
+        # If we got any unknown options we re-combinate the string of the
+        # remaining options and re-attach the prefix, then report that
+        # to the state as new larg.  This way there is basic combinatorics
+        # that can be achieved while still ignoring unknown arguments.
+        if self.ignore_unknown_options and unknown_options:
+            state.largs.append(prefix + ''.join(unknown_options))
+
+    def _process_opts(self, arg, state):
+        explicit_value = None
+        # Long option handling happens in two parts.  The first part is
+        # supporting explicitly attached values.  In any case, we will try
+        # to long match the option first.
+        if '=' in arg:
+            long_opt, explicit_value = arg.split('=', 1)
+        else:
+            long_opt = arg
+        norm_long_opt = normalize_opt(long_opt, self.ctx)
+
+        # At this point we will match the (assumed) long option through
+        # the long option matching code.  Note that this allows options
+        # like "-foo" to be matched as long options.
+        try:
+            self._match_long_opt(norm_long_opt, explicit_value, state)
+        except NoSuchOption:
+            # At this point the long option matching failed, and we need
+            # to try with short options.  However there is a special rule
+            # which says, that if we have a two character options prefix
+            # (applies to "--foo" for instance), we do not dispatch to the
+            # short option code and will instead raise the no option
+            # error.
+            if arg[:2] not in self._opt_prefixes:
+                return self._match_short_opt(arg, state)
+            if not self.ignore_unknown_options:
+                raise
+            state.largs.append(arg)
diff --git a/python/click/termui.py b/python/click/termui.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf9a3aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/termui.py
@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import struct
+import inspect
+import itertools
+
+from ._compat import raw_input, text_type, string_types, \
+     isatty, strip_ansi, get_winterm_size, DEFAULT_COLUMNS, WIN
+from .utils import echo
+from .exceptions import Abort, UsageError
+from .types import convert_type, Choice, Path
+from .globals import resolve_color_default
+
+
+# The prompt functions to use.  The doc tools currently override these
+# functions to customize how they work.
+visible_prompt_func = raw_input
+
+_ansi_colors = {
+    'black': 30,
+    'red': 31,
+    'green': 32,
+    'yellow': 33,
+    'blue': 34,
+    'magenta': 35,
+    'cyan': 36,
+    'white': 37,
+    'reset': 39,
+    'bright_black': 90,
+    'bright_red': 91,
+    'bright_green': 92,
+    'bright_yellow': 93,
+    'bright_blue': 94,
+    'bright_magenta': 95,
+    'bright_cyan': 96,
+    'bright_white': 97,
+}
+_ansi_reset_all = '\033[0m'
+
+
+def hidden_prompt_func(prompt):
+    import getpass
+    return getpass.getpass(prompt)
+
+
+def _build_prompt(text, suffix, show_default=False, default=None, show_choices=True, type=None):
+    prompt = text
+    if type is not None and show_choices and isinstance(type, Choice):
+        prompt += ' (' + ", ".join(map(str, type.choices)) + ')'
+    if default is not None and show_default:
+        prompt = '%s [%s]' % (prompt, default)
+    return prompt + suffix
+
+
+def prompt(text, default=None, hide_input=False, confirmation_prompt=False,
+           type=None, value_proc=None, prompt_suffix=': ', show_default=True,
+           err=False, show_choices=True):
+    """Prompts a user for input.  This is a convenience function that can
+    be used to prompt a user for input later.
+
+    If the user aborts the input by sending a interrupt signal, this
+    function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 7.0
+       Added the show_choices parameter.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 6.0
+       Added unicode support for cmd.exe on Windows.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+       Added the `err` parameter.
+
+    :param text: the text to show for the prompt.
+    :param default: the default value to use if no input happens.  If this
+                    is not given it will prompt until it's aborted.
+    :param hide_input: if this is set to true then the input value will
+                       be hidden.
+    :param confirmation_prompt: asks for confirmation for the value.
+    :param type: the type to use to check the value against.
+    :param value_proc: if this parameter is provided it's a function that
+                       is invoked instead of the type conversion to
+                       convert a value.
+    :param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
+    :param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
+    :param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
+                ``stdout``, the same as with echo.
+    :param show_choices: Show or hide choices if the passed type is a Choice.
+                         For example if type is a Choice of either day or week,
+                         show_choices is true and text is "Group by" then the
+                         prompt will be "Group by (day, week): ".
+    """
+    result = None
+
+    def prompt_func(text):
+        f = hide_input and hidden_prompt_func or visible_prompt_func
+        try:
+            # Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
+            # coloring through colorama on Windows
+            echo(text, nl=False, err=err)
+            return f('')
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
+            # getpass doesn't print a newline if the user aborts input with ^C.
+            # Allegedly this behavior is inherited from getpass(3).
+            # A doc bug has been filed at https://bugs.python.org/issue24711
+            if hide_input:
+                echo(None, err=err)
+            raise Abort()
+
+    if value_proc is None:
+        value_proc = convert_type(type, default)
+
+    prompt = _build_prompt(text, prompt_suffix, show_default, default, show_choices, type)
+
+    while 1:
+        while 1:
+            value = prompt_func(prompt)
+            if value:
+                break
+            elif default is not None:
+                if isinstance(value_proc, Path):
+                    # validate Path default value(exists, dir_okay etc.)
+                    value = default
+                    break
+                return default
+        try:
+            result = value_proc(value)
+        except UsageError as e:
+            echo('Error: %s' % e.message, err=err)
+            continue
+        if not confirmation_prompt:
+            return result
+        while 1:
+            value2 = prompt_func('Repeat for confirmation: ')
+            if value2:
+                break
+        if value == value2:
+            return result
+        echo('Error: the two entered values do not match', err=err)
+
+
+def confirm(text, default=False, abort=False, prompt_suffix=': ',
+            show_default=True, err=False):
+    """Prompts for confirmation (yes/no question).
+
+    If the user aborts the input by sending a interrupt signal this
+    function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+       Added the `err` parameter.
+
+    :param text: the question to ask.
+    :param default: the default for the prompt.
+    :param abort: if this is set to `True` a negative answer aborts the
+                  exception by raising :exc:`Abort`.
+    :param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
+    :param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
+    :param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
+                ``stdout``, the same as with echo.
+    """
+    prompt = _build_prompt(text, prompt_suffix, show_default,
+                           default and 'Y/n' or 'y/N')
+    while 1:
+        try:
+            # Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
+            # coloring through colorama on Windows
+            echo(prompt, nl=False, err=err)
+            value = visible_prompt_func('').lower().strip()
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
+            raise Abort()
+        if value in ('y', 'yes'):
+            rv = True
+        elif value in ('n', 'no'):
+            rv = False
+        elif value == '':
+            rv = default
+        else:
+            echo('Error: invalid input', err=err)
+            continue
+        break
+    if abort and not rv:
+        raise Abort()
+    return rv
+
+
+def get_terminal_size():
+    """Returns the current size of the terminal as tuple in the form
+    ``(width, height)`` in columns and rows.
+    """
+    # If shutil has get_terminal_size() (Python 3.3 and later) use that
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
+        import shutil
+        shutil_get_terminal_size = getattr(shutil, 'get_terminal_size', None)
+        if shutil_get_terminal_size:
+            sz = shutil_get_terminal_size()
+            return sz.columns, sz.lines
+
+    # We provide a sensible default for get_winterm_size() when being invoked
+    # inside a subprocess. Without this, it would not provide a useful input.
+    if get_winterm_size is not None:
+        size = get_winterm_size()
+        if size == (0, 0):
+            return (79, 24)
+        else:
+            return size
+
+    def ioctl_gwinsz(fd):
+        try:
+            import fcntl
+            import termios
+            cr = struct.unpack(
+                'hh', fcntl.ioctl(fd, termios.TIOCGWINSZ, '1234'))
+        except Exception:
+            return
+        return cr
+
+    cr = ioctl_gwinsz(0) or ioctl_gwinsz(1) or ioctl_gwinsz(2)
+    if not cr:
+        try:
+            fd = os.open(os.ctermid(), os.O_RDONLY)
+            try:
+                cr = ioctl_gwinsz(fd)
+            finally:
+                os.close(fd)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    if not cr or not cr[0] or not cr[1]:
+        cr = (os.environ.get('LINES', 25),
+              os.environ.get('COLUMNS', DEFAULT_COLUMNS))
+    return int(cr[1]), int(cr[0])
+
+
+def echo_via_pager(text_or_generator, color=None):
+    """This function takes a text and shows it via an environment specific
+    pager on stdout.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+       Added the `color` flag.
+
+    :param text_or_generator: the text to page, or alternatively, a
+                              generator emitting the text to page.
+    :param color: controls if the pager supports ANSI colors or not.  The
+                  default is autodetection.
+    """
+    color = resolve_color_default(color)
+
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(text_or_generator):
+        i = text_or_generator()
+    elif isinstance(text_or_generator, string_types):
+        i = [text_or_generator]
+    else:
+        i = iter(text_or_generator)
+
+    # convert every element of i to a text type if necessary
+    text_generator = (el if isinstance(el, string_types) else text_type(el)
+                      for el in i)
+
+    from ._termui_impl import pager
+    return pager(itertools.chain(text_generator, "\n"), color)
+
+
+def progressbar(iterable=None, length=None, label=None, show_eta=True,
+                show_percent=None, show_pos=False,
+                item_show_func=None, fill_char='#', empty_char='-',
+                bar_template='%(label)s  [%(bar)s]  %(info)s',
+                info_sep='  ', width=36, file=None, color=None):
+    """This function creates an iterable context manager that can be used
+    to iterate over something while showing a progress bar.  It will
+    either iterate over the `iterable` or `length` items (that are counted
+    up).  While iteration happens, this function will print a rendered
+    progress bar to the given `file` (defaults to stdout) and will attempt
+    to calculate remaining time and more.  By default, this progress bar
+    will not be rendered if the file is not a terminal.
+
+    The context manager creates the progress bar.  When the context
+    manager is entered the progress bar is already displayed.  With every
+    iteration over the progress bar, the iterable passed to the bar is
+    advanced and the bar is updated.  When the context manager exits,
+    a newline is printed and the progress bar is finalized on screen.
+
+    No printing must happen or the progress bar will be unintentionally
+    destroyed.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        with progressbar(items) as bar:
+            for item in bar:
+                do_something_with(item)
+
+    Alternatively, if no iterable is specified, one can manually update the
+    progress bar through the `update()` method instead of directly
+    iterating over the progress bar.  The update method accepts the number
+    of steps to increment the bar with::
+
+        with progressbar(length=chunks.total_bytes) as bar:
+            for chunk in chunks:
+                process_chunk(chunk)
+                bar.update(chunks.bytes)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+       Added the `color` parameter.  Added a `update` method to the
+       progressbar object.
+
+    :param iterable: an iterable to iterate over.  If not provided the length
+                     is required.
+    :param length: the number of items to iterate over.  By default the
+                   progressbar will attempt to ask the iterator about its
+                   length, which might or might not work.  If an iterable is
+                   also provided this parameter can be used to override the
+                   length.  If an iterable is not provided the progress bar
+                   will iterate over a range of that length.
+    :param label: the label to show next to the progress bar.
+    :param show_eta: enables or disables the estimated time display.  This is
+                     automatically disabled if the length cannot be
+                     determined.
+    :param show_percent: enables or disables the percentage display.  The
+                         default is `True` if the iterable has a length or
+                         `False` if not.
+    :param show_pos: enables or disables the absolute position display.  The
+                     default is `False`.
+    :param item_show_func: a function called with the current item which
+                           can return a string to show the current item
+                           next to the progress bar.  Note that the current
+                           item can be `None`!
+    :param fill_char: the character to use to show the filled part of the
+                      progress bar.
+    :param empty_char: the character to use to show the non-filled part of
+                       the progress bar.
+    :param bar_template: the format string to use as template for the bar.
+                         The parameters in it are ``label`` for the label,
+                         ``bar`` for the progress bar and ``info`` for the
+                         info section.
+    :param info_sep: the separator between multiple info items (eta etc.)
+    :param width: the width of the progress bar in characters, 0 means full
+                  terminal width
+    :param file: the file to write to.  If this is not a terminal then
+                 only the label is printed.
+    :param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not.  The
+                  default is autodetection.  This is only needed if ANSI
+                  codes are included anywhere in the progress bar output
+                  which is not the case by default.
+    """
+    from ._termui_impl import ProgressBar
+    color = resolve_color_default(color)
+    return ProgressBar(iterable=iterable, length=length, show_eta=show_eta,
+                       show_percent=show_percent, show_pos=show_pos,
+                       item_show_func=item_show_func, fill_char=fill_char,
+                       empty_char=empty_char, bar_template=bar_template,
+                       info_sep=info_sep, file=file, label=label,
+                       width=width, color=color)
+
+
+def clear():
+    """Clears the terminal screen.  This will have the effect of clearing
+    the whole visible space of the terminal and moving the cursor to the
+    top left.  This does not do anything if not connected to a terminal.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    if not isatty(sys.stdout):
+        return
+    # If we're on Windows and we don't have colorama available, then we
+    # clear the screen by shelling out.  Otherwise we can use an escape
+    # sequence.
+    if WIN:
+        os.system('cls')
+    else:
+        sys.stdout.write('\033[2J\033[1;1H')
+
+
+def style(text, fg=None, bg=None, bold=None, dim=None, underline=None,
+          blink=None, reverse=None, reset=True):
+    """Styles a text with ANSI styles and returns the new string.  By
+    default the styling is self contained which means that at the end
+    of the string a reset code is issued.  This can be prevented by
+    passing ``reset=False``.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
+        click.echo(click.style('ATTENTION!', blink=True))
+        click.echo(click.style('Some things', reverse=True, fg='cyan'))
+
+    Supported color names:
+
+    * ``black`` (might be a gray)
+    * ``red``
+    * ``green``
+    * ``yellow`` (might be an orange)
+    * ``blue``
+    * ``magenta``
+    * ``cyan``
+    * ``white`` (might be light gray)
+    * ``bright_black``
+    * ``bright_red``
+    * ``bright_green``
+    * ``bright_yellow``
+    * ``bright_blue``
+    * ``bright_magenta``
+    * ``bright_cyan``
+    * ``bright_white``
+    * ``reset`` (reset the color code only)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. versionadded:: 7.0
+       Added support for bright colors.
+
+    :param text: the string to style with ansi codes.
+    :param fg: if provided this will become the foreground color.
+    :param bg: if provided this will become the background color.
+    :param bold: if provided this will enable or disable bold mode.
+    :param dim: if provided this will enable or disable dim mode.  This is
+                badly supported.
+    :param underline: if provided this will enable or disable underline.
+    :param blink: if provided this will enable or disable blinking.
+    :param reverse: if provided this will enable or disable inverse
+                    rendering (foreground becomes background and the
+                    other way round).
+    :param reset: by default a reset-all code is added at the end of the
+                  string which means that styles do not carry over.  This
+                  can be disabled to compose styles.
+    """
+    bits = []
+    if fg:
+        try:
+            bits.append('\033[%dm' % (_ansi_colors[fg]))
+        except KeyError:
+            raise TypeError('Unknown color %r' % fg)
+    if bg:
+        try:
+            bits.append('\033[%dm' % (_ansi_colors[bg] + 10))
+        except KeyError:
+            raise TypeError('Unknown color %r' % bg)
+    if bold is not None:
+        bits.append('\033[%dm' % (1 if bold else 22))
+    if dim is not None:
+        bits.append('\033[%dm' % (2 if dim else 22))
+    if underline is not None:
+        bits.append('\033[%dm' % (4 if underline else 24))
+    if blink is not None:
+        bits.append('\033[%dm' % (5 if blink else 25))
+    if reverse is not None:
+        bits.append('\033[%dm' % (7 if reverse else 27))
+    bits.append(text)
+    if reset:
+        bits.append(_ansi_reset_all)
+    return ''.join(bits)
+
+
+def unstyle(text):
+    """Removes ANSI styling information from a string.  Usually it's not
+    necessary to use this function as Click's echo function will
+    automatically remove styling if necessary.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param text: the text to remove style information from.
+    """
+    return strip_ansi(text)
+
+
+def secho(message=None, file=None, nl=True, err=False, color=None, **styles):
+    """This function combines :func:`echo` and :func:`style` into one
+    call.  As such the following two calls are the same::
+
+        click.secho('Hello World!', fg='green')
+        click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
+
+    All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying functions
+    depending on which one they go with.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    if message is not None:
+        message = style(message, **styles)
+    return echo(message, file=file, nl=nl, err=err, color=color)
+
+
+def edit(text=None, editor=None, env=None, require_save=True,
+         extension='.txt', filename=None):
+    r"""Edits the given text in the defined editor.  If an editor is given
+    (should be the full path to the executable but the regular operating
+    system search path is used for finding the executable) it overrides
+    the detected editor.  Optionally, some environment variables can be
+    used.  If the editor is closed without changes, `None` is returned.  In
+    case a file is edited directly the return value is always `None` and
+    `require_save` and `extension` are ignored.
+
+    If the editor cannot be opened a :exc:`UsageError` is raised.
+
+    Note for Windows: to simplify cross-platform usage, the newlines are
+    automatically converted from POSIX to Windows and vice versa.  As such,
+    the message here will have ``\n`` as newline markers.
+
+    :param text: the text to edit.
+    :param editor: optionally the editor to use.  Defaults to automatic
+                   detection.
+    :param env: environment variables to forward to the editor.
+    :param require_save: if this is true, then not saving in the editor
+                         will make the return value become `None`.
+    :param extension: the extension to tell the editor about.  This defaults
+                      to `.txt` but changing this might change syntax
+                      highlighting.
+    :param filename: if provided it will edit this file instead of the
+                     provided text contents.  It will not use a temporary
+                     file as an indirection in that case.
+    """
+    from ._termui_impl import Editor
+    editor = Editor(editor=editor, env=env, require_save=require_save,
+                    extension=extension)
+    if filename is None:
+        return editor.edit(text)
+    editor.edit_file(filename)
+
+
+def launch(url, wait=False, locate=False):
+    """This function launches the given URL (or filename) in the default
+    viewer application for this file type.  If this is an executable, it
+    might launch the executable in a new session.  The return value is
+    the exit code of the launched application.  Usually, ``0`` indicates
+    success.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        click.launch('https://click.palletsprojects.com/')
+        click.launch('/my/downloaded/file', locate=True)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param url: URL or filename of the thing to launch.
+    :param wait: waits for the program to stop.
+    :param locate: if this is set to `True` then instead of launching the
+                   application associated with the URL it will attempt to
+                   launch a file manager with the file located.  This
+                   might have weird effects if the URL does not point to
+                   the filesystem.
+    """
+    from ._termui_impl import open_url
+    return open_url(url, wait=wait, locate=locate)
+
+
+# If this is provided, getchar() calls into this instead.  This is used
+# for unittesting purposes.
+_getchar = None
+
+
+def getchar(echo=False):
+    """Fetches a single character from the terminal and returns it.  This
+    will always return a unicode character and under certain rare
+    circumstances this might return more than one character.  The
+    situations which more than one character is returned is when for
+    whatever reason multiple characters end up in the terminal buffer or
+    standard input was not actually a terminal.
+
+    Note that this will always read from the terminal, even if something
+    is piped into the standard input.
+
+    Note for Windows: in rare cases when typing non-ASCII characters, this
+    function might wait for a second character and then return both at once.
+    This is because certain Unicode characters look like special-key markers.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param echo: if set to `True`, the character read will also show up on
+                 the terminal.  The default is to not show it.
+    """
+    f = _getchar
+    if f is None:
+        from ._termui_impl import getchar as f
+    return f(echo)
+
+
+def raw_terminal():
+    from ._termui_impl import raw_terminal as f
+    return f()
+
+
+def pause(info='Press any key to continue ...', err=False):
+    """This command stops execution and waits for the user to press any
+    key to continue.  This is similar to the Windows batch "pause"
+    command.  If the program is not run through a terminal, this command
+    will instead do nothing.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+       Added the `err` parameter.
+
+    :param info: the info string to print before pausing.
+    :param err: if set to message goes to ``stderr`` instead of
+                ``stdout``, the same as with echo.
+    """
+    if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(sys.stdout):
+        return
+    try:
+        if info:
+            echo(info, nl=False, err=err)
+        try:
+            getchar()
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
+            pass
+    finally:
+        if info:
+            echo(err=err)
diff --git a/python/click/testing.py b/python/click/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b2924e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import contextlib
+import shlex
+
+from ._compat import iteritems, PY2, string_types
+
+
+# If someone wants to vendor click, we want to ensure the
+# correct package is discovered.  Ideally we could use a
+# relative import here but unfortunately Python does not
+# support that.
+clickpkg = sys.modules[__name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]]
+
+
+if PY2:
+    from cStringIO import StringIO
+else:
+    import io
+    from ._compat import _find_binary_reader
+
+
+class EchoingStdin(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, input, output):
+        self._input = input
+        self._output = output
+
+    def __getattr__(self, x):
+        return getattr(self._input, x)
+
+    def _echo(self, rv):
+        self._output.write(rv)
+        return rv
+
+    def read(self, n=-1):
+        return self._echo(self._input.read(n))
+
+    def readline(self, n=-1):
+        return self._echo(self._input.readline(n))
+
+    def readlines(self):
+        return [self._echo(x) for x in self._input.readlines()]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._echo(x) for x in self._input)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self._input)
+
+
+def make_input_stream(input, charset):
+    # Is already an input stream.
+    if hasattr(input, 'read'):
+        if PY2:
+            return input
+        rv = _find_binary_reader(input)
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        raise TypeError('Could not find binary reader for input stream.')
+
+    if input is None:
+        input = b''
+    elif not isinstance(input, bytes):
+        input = input.encode(charset)
+    if PY2:
+        return StringIO(input)
+    return io.BytesIO(input)
+
+
+class Result(object):
+    """Holds the captured result of an invoked CLI script."""
+
+    def __init__(self, runner, stdout_bytes, stderr_bytes, exit_code,
+                 exception, exc_info=None):
+        #: The runner that created the result
+        self.runner = runner
+        #: The standard output as bytes.
+        self.stdout_bytes = stdout_bytes
+        #: The standard error as bytes, or False(y) if not available
+        self.stderr_bytes = stderr_bytes
+        #: The exit code as integer.
+        self.exit_code = exit_code
+        #: The exception that happened if one did.
+        self.exception = exception
+        #: The traceback
+        self.exc_info = exc_info
+
+    @property
+    def output(self):
+        """The (standard) output as unicode string."""
+        return self.stdout
+
+    @property
+    def stdout(self):
+        """The standard output as unicode string."""
+        return self.stdout_bytes.decode(self.runner.charset, 'replace') \
+            .replace('\r\n', '\n')
+
+    @property
+    def stderr(self):
+        """The standard error as unicode string."""
+        if not self.stderr_bytes:
+            raise ValueError("stderr not separately captured")
+        return self.stderr_bytes.decode(self.runner.charset, 'replace') \
+            .replace('\r\n', '\n')
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s>' % (
+            type(self).__name__,
+            self.exception and repr(self.exception) or 'okay',
+        )
+
+
+class CliRunner(object):
+    """The CLI runner provides functionality to invoke a Click command line
+    script for unittesting purposes in a isolated environment.  This only
+    works in single-threaded systems without any concurrency as it changes the
+    global interpreter state.
+
+    :param charset: the character set for the input and output data.  This is
+                    UTF-8 by default and should not be changed currently as
+                    the reporting to Click only works in Python 2 properly.
+    :param env: a dictionary with environment variables for overriding.
+    :param echo_stdin: if this is set to `True`, then reading from stdin writes
+                       to stdout.  This is useful for showing examples in
+                       some circumstances.  Note that regular prompts
+                       will automatically echo the input.
+    :param mix_stderr: if this is set to `False`, then stdout and stderr are
+                       preserved as independent streams.  This is useful for
+                       Unix-philosophy apps that have predictable stdout and
+                       noisy stderr, such that each may be measured
+                       independently
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, charset=None, env=None, echo_stdin=False,
+                 mix_stderr=True):
+        if charset is None:
+            charset = 'utf-8'
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.env = env or {}
+        self.echo_stdin = echo_stdin
+        self.mix_stderr = mix_stderr
+
+    def get_default_prog_name(self, cli):
+        """Given a command object it will return the default program name
+        for it.  The default is the `name` attribute or ``"root"`` if not
+        set.
+        """
+        return cli.name or 'root'
+
+    def make_env(self, overrides=None):
+        """Returns the environment overrides for invoking a script."""
+        rv = dict(self.env)
+        if overrides:
+            rv.update(overrides)
+        return rv
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def isolation(self, input=None, env=None, color=False):
+        """A context manager that sets up the isolation for invoking of a
+        command line tool.  This sets up stdin with the given input data
+        and `os.environ` with the overrides from the given dictionary.
+        This also rebinds some internals in Click to be mocked (like the
+        prompt functionality).
+
+        This is automatically done in the :meth:`invoke` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 4.0
+           The ``color`` parameter was added.
+
+        :param input: the input stream to put into sys.stdin.
+        :param env: the environment overrides as dictionary.
+        :param color: whether the output should contain color codes. The
+                      application can still override this explicitly.
+        """
+        input = make_input_stream(input, self.charset)
+
+        old_stdin = sys.stdin
+        old_stdout = sys.stdout
+        old_stderr = sys.stderr
+        old_forced_width = clickpkg.formatting.FORCED_WIDTH
+        clickpkg.formatting.FORCED_WIDTH = 80
+
+        env = self.make_env(env)
+
+        if PY2:
+            bytes_output = StringIO()
+            if self.echo_stdin:
+                input = EchoingStdin(input, bytes_output)
+            sys.stdout = bytes_output
+            if not self.mix_stderr:
+                bytes_error = StringIO()
+                sys.stderr = bytes_error
+        else:
+            bytes_output = io.BytesIO()
+            if self.echo_stdin:
+                input = EchoingStdin(input, bytes_output)
+            input = io.TextIOWrapper(input, encoding=self.charset)
+            sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(
+                bytes_output, encoding=self.charset)
+            if not self.mix_stderr:
+                bytes_error = io.BytesIO()
+                sys.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(
+                    bytes_error, encoding=self.charset)
+
+        if self.mix_stderr:
+            sys.stderr = sys.stdout
+
+        sys.stdin = input
+
+        def visible_input(prompt=None):
+            sys.stdout.write(prompt or '')
+            val = input.readline().rstrip('\r\n')
+            sys.stdout.write(val + '\n')
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            return val
+
+        def hidden_input(prompt=None):
+            sys.stdout.write((prompt or '') + '\n')
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            return input.readline().rstrip('\r\n')
+
+        def _getchar(echo):
+            char = sys.stdin.read(1)
+            if echo:
+                sys.stdout.write(char)
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+            return char
+
+        default_color = color
+
+        def should_strip_ansi(stream=None, color=None):
+            if color is None:
+                return not default_color
+            return not color
+
+        old_visible_prompt_func = clickpkg.termui.visible_prompt_func
+        old_hidden_prompt_func = clickpkg.termui.hidden_prompt_func
+        old__getchar_func = clickpkg.termui._getchar
+        old_should_strip_ansi = clickpkg.utils.should_strip_ansi
+        clickpkg.termui.visible_prompt_func = visible_input
+        clickpkg.termui.hidden_prompt_func = hidden_input
+        clickpkg.termui._getchar = _getchar
+        clickpkg.utils.should_strip_ansi = should_strip_ansi
+
+        old_env = {}
+        try:
+            for key, value in iteritems(env):
+                old_env[key] = os.environ.get(key)
+                if value is None:
+                    try:
+                        del os.environ[key]
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+                else:
+                    os.environ[key] = value
+            yield (bytes_output, not self.mix_stderr and bytes_error)
+        finally:
+            for key, value in iteritems(old_env):
+                if value is None:
+                    try:
+                        del os.environ[key]
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+                else:
+                    os.environ[key] = value
+            sys.stdout = old_stdout
+            sys.stderr = old_stderr
+            sys.stdin = old_stdin
+            clickpkg.termui.visible_prompt_func = old_visible_prompt_func
+            clickpkg.termui.hidden_prompt_func = old_hidden_prompt_func
+            clickpkg.termui._getchar = old__getchar_func
+            clickpkg.utils.should_strip_ansi = old_should_strip_ansi
+            clickpkg.formatting.FORCED_WIDTH = old_forced_width
+
+    def invoke(self, cli, args=None, input=None, env=None,
+               catch_exceptions=True, color=False, mix_stderr=False, **extra):
+        """Invokes a command in an isolated environment.  The arguments are
+        forwarded directly to the command line script, the `extra` keyword
+        arguments are passed to the :meth:`~clickpkg.Command.main` function of
+        the command.
+
+        This returns a :class:`Result` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+           The ``catch_exceptions`` parameter was added.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+           The result object now has an `exc_info` attribute with the
+           traceback if available.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 4.0
+           The ``color`` parameter was added.
+
+        :param cli: the command to invoke
+        :param args: the arguments to invoke. It may be given as an iterable
+                     or a string. When given as string it will be interpreted
+                     as a Unix shell command. More details at
+                     :func:`shlex.split`.
+        :param input: the input data for `sys.stdin`.
+        :param env: the environment overrides.
+        :param catch_exceptions: Whether to catch any other exceptions than
+                                 ``SystemExit``.
+        :param extra: the keyword arguments to pass to :meth:`main`.
+        :param color: whether the output should contain color codes. The
+                      application can still override this explicitly.
+        """
+        exc_info = None
+        with self.isolation(input=input, env=env, color=color) as outstreams:
+            exception = None
+            exit_code = 0
+
+            if isinstance(args, string_types):
+                args = shlex.split(args)
+
+            try:
+                prog_name = extra.pop("prog_name")
+            except KeyError:
+                prog_name = self.get_default_prog_name(cli)
+
+            try:
+                cli.main(args=args or (), prog_name=prog_name, **extra)
+            except SystemExit as e:
+                exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+                exit_code = e.code
+                if exit_code is None:
+                    exit_code = 0
+
+                if exit_code != 0:
+                    exception = e
+
+                if not isinstance(exit_code, int):
+                    sys.stdout.write(str(exit_code))
+                    sys.stdout.write('\n')
+                    exit_code = 1
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                if not catch_exceptions:
+                    raise
+                exception = e
+                exit_code = 1
+                exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+            finally:
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+                stdout = outstreams[0].getvalue()
+                stderr = outstreams[1] and outstreams[1].getvalue()
+
+        return Result(runner=self,
+                      stdout_bytes=stdout,
+                      stderr_bytes=stderr,
+                      exit_code=exit_code,
+                      exception=exception,
+                      exc_info=exc_info)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def isolated_filesystem(self):
+        """A context manager that creates a temporary folder and changes
+        the current working directory to it for isolated filesystem tests.
+        """
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        t = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        os.chdir(t)
+        try:
+            yield t
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(cwd)
+            try:
+                shutil.rmtree(t)
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                pass
diff --git a/python/click/types.py b/python/click/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f88032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+import os
+import stat
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from ._compat import open_stream, text_type, filename_to_ui, \
+    get_filesystem_encoding, get_streerror, _get_argv_encoding, PY2
+from .exceptions import BadParameter
+from .utils import safecall, LazyFile
+
+
+class ParamType(object):
+    """Helper for converting values through types.  The following is
+    necessary for a valid type:
+
+    *   it needs a name
+    *   it needs to pass through None unchanged
+    *   it needs to convert from a string
+    *   it needs to convert its result type through unchanged
+        (eg: needs to be idempotent)
+    *   it needs to be able to deal with param and context being `None`.
+        This can be the case when the object is used with prompt
+        inputs.
+    """
+    is_composite = False
+
+    #: the descriptive name of this type
+    name = None
+
+    #: if a list of this type is expected and the value is pulled from a
+    #: string environment variable, this is what splits it up.  `None`
+    #: means any whitespace.  For all parameters the general rule is that
+    #: whitespace splits them up.  The exception are paths and files which
+    #: are split by ``os.path.pathsep`` by default (":" on Unix and ";" on
+    #: Windows).
+    envvar_list_splitter = None
+
+    def __call__(self, value, param=None, ctx=None):
+        if value is not None:
+            return self.convert(value, param, ctx)
+
+    def get_metavar(self, param):
+        """Returns the metavar default for this param if it provides one."""
+
+    def get_missing_message(self, param):
+        """Optionally might return extra information about a missing
+        parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        """Converts the value.  This is not invoked for values that are
+        `None` (the missing value).
+        """
+        return value
+
+    def split_envvar_value(self, rv):
+        """Given a value from an environment variable this splits it up
+        into small chunks depending on the defined envvar list splitter.
+
+        If the splitter is set to `None`, which means that whitespace splits,
+        then leading and trailing whitespace is ignored.  Otherwise, leading
+        and trailing splitters usually lead to empty items being included.
+        """
+        return (rv or '').split(self.envvar_list_splitter)
+
+    def fail(self, message, param=None, ctx=None):
+        """Helper method to fail with an invalid value message."""
+        raise BadParameter(message, ctx=ctx, param=param)
+
+
+class CompositeParamType(ParamType):
+    is_composite = True
+
+    @property
+    def arity(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class FuncParamType(ParamType):
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.name = func.__name__
+        self.func = func
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        try:
+            return self.func(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                value = text_type(value)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                value = str(value).decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+            self.fail(value, param, ctx)
+
+
+class UnprocessedParamType(ParamType):
+    name = 'text'
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        return value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'UNPROCESSED'
+
+
+class StringParamType(ParamType):
+    name = 'text'
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        if isinstance(value, bytes):
+            enc = _get_argv_encoding()
+            try:
+                value = value.decode(enc)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                fs_enc = get_filesystem_encoding()
+                if fs_enc != enc:
+                    try:
+                        value = value.decode(fs_enc)
+                    except UnicodeError:
+                        value = value.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+            return value
+        return value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'STRING'
+
+
+class Choice(ParamType):
+    """The choice type allows a value to be checked against a fixed set
+    of supported values. All of these values have to be strings.
+
+    You should only pass a list or tuple of choices. Other iterables
+    (like generators) may lead to surprising results.
+
+    See :ref:`choice-opts` for an example.
+
+    :param case_sensitive: Set to false to make choices case
+        insensitive. Defaults to true.
+    """
+
+    name = 'choice'
+
+    def __init__(self, choices, case_sensitive=True):
+        self.choices = choices
+        self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive
+
+    def get_metavar(self, param):
+        return '[%s]' % '|'.join(self.choices)
+
+    def get_missing_message(self, param):
+        return 'Choose from:\n\t%s.' % ',\n\t'.join(self.choices)
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        # Exact match
+        if value in self.choices:
+            return value
+
+        # Match through normalization and case sensitivity
+        # first do token_normalize_func, then lowercase
+        # preserve original `value` to produce an accurate message in
+        # `self.fail`
+        normed_value = value
+        normed_choices = self.choices
+
+        if ctx is not None and \
+           ctx.token_normalize_func is not None:
+            normed_value = ctx.token_normalize_func(value)
+            normed_choices = [ctx.token_normalize_func(choice) for choice in
+                              self.choices]
+
+        if not self.case_sensitive:
+            normed_value = normed_value.lower()
+            normed_choices = [choice.lower() for choice in normed_choices]
+
+        if normed_value in normed_choices:
+            return normed_value
+
+        self.fail('invalid choice: %s. (choose from %s)' %
+                  (value, ', '.join(self.choices)), param, ctx)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Choice(%r)' % list(self.choices)
+
+
+class DateTime(ParamType):
+    """The DateTime type converts date strings into `datetime` objects.
+
+    The format strings which are checked are configurable, but default to some
+    common (non-timezone aware) ISO 8601 formats.
+
+    When specifying *DateTime* formats, you should only pass a list or a tuple.
+    Other iterables, like generators, may lead to surprising results.
+
+    The format strings are processed using ``datetime.strptime``, and this
+    consequently defines the format strings which are allowed.
+
+    Parsing is tried using each format, in order, and the first format which
+    parses successfully is used.
+
+    :param formats: A list or tuple of date format strings, in the order in
+                    which they should be tried. Defaults to
+                    ``'%Y-%m-%d'``, ``'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S'``,
+                    ``'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'``.
+    """
+    name = 'datetime'
+
+    def __init__(self, formats=None):
+        self.formats = formats or [
+            '%Y-%m-%d',
+            '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S',
+            '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'
+        ]
+
+    def get_metavar(self, param):
+        return '[{}]'.format('|'.join(self.formats))
+
+    def _try_to_convert_date(self, value, format):
+        try:
+            return datetime.strptime(value, format)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        # Exact match
+        for format in self.formats:
+            dtime = self._try_to_convert_date(value, format)
+            if dtime:
+                return dtime
+
+        self.fail(
+            'invalid datetime format: {}. (choose from {})'.format(
+                value, ', '.join(self.formats)))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'DateTime'
+
+
+class IntParamType(ParamType):
+    name = 'integer'
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        try:
+            return int(value)
+        except (ValueError, UnicodeError):
+            self.fail('%s is not a valid integer' % value, param, ctx)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'INT'
+
+
+class IntRange(IntParamType):
+    """A parameter that works similar to :data:`click.INT` but restricts
+    the value to fit into a range.  The default behavior is to fail if the
+    value falls outside the range, but it can also be silently clamped
+    between the two edges.
+
+    See :ref:`ranges` for an example.
+    """
+    name = 'integer range'
+
+    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, clamp=False):
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.clamp = clamp
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        rv = IntParamType.convert(self, value, param, ctx)
+        if self.clamp:
+            if self.min is not None and rv < self.min:
+                return self.min
+            if self.max is not None and rv > self.max:
+                return self.max
+        if self.min is not None and rv < self.min or \
+           self.max is not None and rv > self.max:
+            if self.min is None:
+                self.fail('%s is bigger than the maximum valid value '
+                          '%s.' % (rv, self.max), param, ctx)
+            elif self.max is None:
+                self.fail('%s is smaller than the minimum valid value '
+                          '%s.' % (rv, self.min), param, ctx)
+            else:
+                self.fail('%s is not in the valid range of %s to %s.'
+                          % (rv, self.min, self.max), param, ctx)
+        return rv
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'IntRange(%r, %r)' % (self.min, self.max)
+
+
+class FloatParamType(ParamType):
+    name = 'float'
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        try:
+            return float(value)
+        except (UnicodeError, ValueError):
+            self.fail('%s is not a valid floating point value' %
+                      value, param, ctx)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'FLOAT'
+
+
+class FloatRange(FloatParamType):
+    """A parameter that works similar to :data:`click.FLOAT` but restricts
+    the value to fit into a range.  The default behavior is to fail if the
+    value falls outside the range, but it can also be silently clamped
+    between the two edges.
+
+    See :ref:`ranges` for an example.
+    """
+    name = 'float range'
+
+    def __init__(self, min=None, max=None, clamp=False):
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.clamp = clamp
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        rv = FloatParamType.convert(self, value, param, ctx)
+        if self.clamp:
+            if self.min is not None and rv < self.min:
+                return self.min
+            if self.max is not None and rv > self.max:
+                return self.max
+        if self.min is not None and rv < self.min or \
+           self.max is not None and rv > self.max:
+            if self.min is None:
+                self.fail('%s is bigger than the maximum valid value '
+                          '%s.' % (rv, self.max), param, ctx)
+            elif self.max is None:
+                self.fail('%s is smaller than the minimum valid value '
+                          '%s.' % (rv, self.min), param, ctx)
+            else:
+                self.fail('%s is not in the valid range of %s to %s.'
+                          % (rv, self.min, self.max), param, ctx)
+        return rv
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'FloatRange(%r, %r)' % (self.min, self.max)
+
+
+class BoolParamType(ParamType):
+    name = 'boolean'
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        if isinstance(value, bool):
+            return bool(value)
+        value = value.lower()
+        if value in ('true', 't', '1', 'yes', 'y'):
+            return True
+        elif value in ('false', 'f', '0', 'no', 'n'):
+            return False
+        self.fail('%s is not a valid boolean' % value, param, ctx)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'BOOL'
+
+
+class UUIDParameterType(ParamType):
+    name = 'uuid'
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        import uuid
+        try:
+            if PY2 and isinstance(value, text_type):
+                value = value.encode('ascii')
+            return uuid.UUID(value)
+        except (UnicodeError, ValueError):
+            self.fail('%s is not a valid UUID value' % value, param, ctx)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'UUID'
+
+
+class File(ParamType):
+    """Declares a parameter to be a file for reading or writing.  The file
+    is automatically closed once the context tears down (after the command
+    finished working).
+
+    Files can be opened for reading or writing.  The special value ``-``
+    indicates stdin or stdout depending on the mode.
+
+    By default, the file is opened for reading text data, but it can also be
+    opened in binary mode or for writing.  The encoding parameter can be used
+    to force a specific encoding.
+
+    The `lazy` flag controls if the file should be opened immediately or upon
+    first IO. The default is to be non-lazy for standard input and output
+    streams as well as files opened for reading, `lazy` otherwise. When opening a
+    file lazily for reading, it is still opened temporarily for validation, but
+    will not be held open until first IO. lazy is mainly useful when opening
+    for writing to avoid creating the file until it is needed.
+
+    Starting with Click 2.0, files can also be opened atomically in which
+    case all writes go into a separate file in the same folder and upon
+    completion the file will be moved over to the original location.  This
+    is useful if a file regularly read by other users is modified.
+
+    See :ref:`file-args` for more information.
+    """
+    name = 'filename'
+    envvar_list_splitter = os.path.pathsep
+
+    def __init__(self, mode='r', encoding=None, errors='strict', lazy=None,
+                 atomic=False):
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.errors = errors
+        self.lazy = lazy
+        self.atomic = atomic
+
+    def resolve_lazy_flag(self, value):
+        if self.lazy is not None:
+            return self.lazy
+        if value == '-':
+            return False
+        elif 'w' in self.mode:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        try:
+            if hasattr(value, 'read') or hasattr(value, 'write'):
+                return value
+
+            lazy = self.resolve_lazy_flag(value)
+
+            if lazy:
+                f = LazyFile(value, self.mode, self.encoding, self.errors,
+                             atomic=self.atomic)
+                if ctx is not None:
+                    ctx.call_on_close(f.close_intelligently)
+                return f
+
+            f, should_close = open_stream(value, self.mode,
+                                          self.encoding, self.errors,
+                                          atomic=self.atomic)
+            # If a context is provided, we automatically close the file
+            # at the end of the context execution (or flush out).  If a
+            # context does not exist, it's the caller's responsibility to
+            # properly close the file.  This for instance happens when the
+            # type is used with prompts.
+            if ctx is not None:
+                if should_close:
+                    ctx.call_on_close(safecall(f.close))
+                else:
+                    ctx.call_on_close(safecall(f.flush))
+            return f
+        except (IOError, OSError) as e:
+            self.fail('Could not open file: %s: %s' % (
+                filename_to_ui(value),
+                get_streerror(e),
+            ), param, ctx)
+
+
+class Path(ParamType):
+    """The path type is similar to the :class:`File` type but it performs
+    different checks.  First of all, instead of returning an open file
+    handle it returns just the filename.  Secondly, it can perform various
+    basic checks about what the file or directory should be.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 6.0
+       `allow_dash` was added.
+
+    :param exists: if set to true, the file or directory needs to exist for
+                   this value to be valid.  If this is not required and a
+                   file does indeed not exist, then all further checks are
+                   silently skipped.
+    :param file_okay: controls if a file is a possible value.
+    :param dir_okay: controls if a directory is a possible value.
+    :param writable: if true, a writable check is performed.
+    :param readable: if true, a readable check is performed.
+    :param resolve_path: if this is true, then the path is fully resolved
+                         before the value is passed onwards.  This means
+                         that it's absolute and symlinks are resolved.  It
+                         will not expand a tilde-prefix, as this is
+                         supposed to be done by the shell only.
+    :param allow_dash: If this is set to `True`, a single dash to indicate
+                       standard streams is permitted.
+    :param path_type: optionally a string type that should be used to
+                      represent the path.  The default is `None` which
+                      means the return value will be either bytes or
+                      unicode depending on what makes most sense given the
+                      input data Click deals with.
+    """
+    envvar_list_splitter = os.path.pathsep
+
+    def __init__(self, exists=False, file_okay=True, dir_okay=True,
+                 writable=False, readable=True, resolve_path=False,
+                 allow_dash=False, path_type=None):
+        self.exists = exists
+        self.file_okay = file_okay
+        self.dir_okay = dir_okay
+        self.writable = writable
+        self.readable = readable
+        self.resolve_path = resolve_path
+        self.allow_dash = allow_dash
+        self.type = path_type
+
+        if self.file_okay and not self.dir_okay:
+            self.name = 'file'
+            self.path_type = 'File'
+        elif self.dir_okay and not self.file_okay:
+            self.name = 'directory'
+            self.path_type = 'Directory'
+        else:
+            self.name = 'path'
+            self.path_type = 'Path'
+
+    def coerce_path_result(self, rv):
+        if self.type is not None and not isinstance(rv, self.type):
+            if self.type is text_type:
+                rv = rv.decode(get_filesystem_encoding())
+            else:
+                rv = rv.encode(get_filesystem_encoding())
+        return rv
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        rv = value
+
+        is_dash = self.file_okay and self.allow_dash and rv in (b'-', '-')
+
+        if not is_dash:
+            if self.resolve_path:
+                rv = os.path.realpath(rv)
+
+            try:
+                st = os.stat(rv)
+            except OSError:
+                if not self.exists:
+                    return self.coerce_path_result(rv)
+                self.fail('%s "%s" does not exist.' % (
+                    self.path_type,
+                    filename_to_ui(value)
+                ), param, ctx)
+
+            if not self.file_okay and stat.S_ISREG(st.st_mode):
+                self.fail('%s "%s" is a file.' % (
+                    self.path_type,
+                    filename_to_ui(value)
+                ), param, ctx)
+            if not self.dir_okay and stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode):
+                self.fail('%s "%s" is a directory.' % (
+                    self.path_type,
+                    filename_to_ui(value)
+                ), param, ctx)
+            if self.writable and not os.access(value, os.W_OK):
+                self.fail('%s "%s" is not writable.' % (
+                    self.path_type,
+                    filename_to_ui(value)
+                ), param, ctx)
+            if self.readable and not os.access(value, os.R_OK):
+                self.fail('%s "%s" is not readable.' % (
+                    self.path_type,
+                    filename_to_ui(value)
+                ), param, ctx)
+
+        return self.coerce_path_result(rv)
+
+
+class Tuple(CompositeParamType):
+    """The default behavior of Click is to apply a type on a value directly.
+    This works well in most cases, except for when `nargs` is set to a fixed
+    count and different types should be used for different items.  In this
+    case the :class:`Tuple` type can be used.  This type can only be used
+    if `nargs` is set to a fixed number.
+
+    For more information see :ref:`tuple-type`.
+
+    This can be selected by using a Python tuple literal as a type.
+
+    :param types: a list of types that should be used for the tuple items.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, types):
+        self.types = [convert_type(ty) for ty in types]
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return "<" + " ".join(ty.name for ty in self.types) + ">"
+
+    @property
+    def arity(self):
+        return len(self.types)
+
+    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
+        if len(value) != len(self.types):
+            raise TypeError('It would appear that nargs is set to conflict '
+                            'with the composite type arity.')
+        return tuple(ty(x, param, ctx) for ty, x in zip(self.types, value))
+
+
+def convert_type(ty, default=None):
+    """Converts a callable or python ty into the most appropriate param
+    ty.
+    """
+    guessed_type = False
+    if ty is None and default is not None:
+        if isinstance(default, tuple):
+            ty = tuple(map(type, default))
+        else:
+            ty = type(default)
+        guessed_type = True
+
+    if isinstance(ty, tuple):
+        return Tuple(ty)
+    if isinstance(ty, ParamType):
+        return ty
+    if ty is text_type or ty is str or ty is None:
+        return STRING
+    if ty is int:
+        return INT
+    # Booleans are only okay if not guessed.  This is done because for
+    # flags the default value is actually a bit of a lie in that it
+    # indicates which of the flags is the one we want.  See get_default()
+    # for more information.
+    if ty is bool and not guessed_type:
+        return BOOL
+    if ty is float:
+        return FLOAT
+    if guessed_type:
+        return STRING
+
+    # Catch a common mistake
+    if __debug__:
+        try:
+            if issubclass(ty, ParamType):
+                raise AssertionError('Attempted to use an uninstantiated '
+                                     'parameter type (%s).' % ty)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+    return FuncParamType(ty)
+
+
+#: A dummy parameter type that just does nothing.  From a user's
+#: perspective this appears to just be the same as `STRING` but internally
+#: no string conversion takes place.  This is necessary to achieve the
+#: same bytes/unicode behavior on Python 2/3 in situations where you want
+#: to not convert argument types.  This is usually useful when working
+#: with file paths as they can appear in bytes and unicode.
+#:
+#: For path related uses the :class:`Path` type is a better choice but
+#: there are situations where an unprocessed type is useful which is why
+#: it is is provided.
+#:
+#: .. versionadded:: 4.0
+UNPROCESSED = UnprocessedParamType()
+
+#: A unicode string parameter type which is the implicit default.  This
+#: can also be selected by using ``str`` as type.
+STRING = StringParamType()
+
+#: An integer parameter.  This can also be selected by using ``int`` as
+#: type.
+INT = IntParamType()
+
+#: A floating point value parameter.  This can also be selected by using
+#: ``float`` as type.
+FLOAT = FloatParamType()
+
+#: A boolean parameter.  This is the default for boolean flags.  This can
+#: also be selected by using ``bool`` as a type.
+BOOL = BoolParamType()
+
+#: A UUID parameter.
+UUID = UUIDParameterType()
diff --git a/python/click/utils.py b/python/click/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc84369
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/click/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+import os
+import sys
+
+from .globals import resolve_color_default
+
+from ._compat import text_type, open_stream, get_filesystem_encoding, \
+    get_streerror, string_types, PY2, binary_streams, text_streams, \
+    filename_to_ui, auto_wrap_for_ansi, strip_ansi, should_strip_ansi, \
+    _default_text_stdout, _default_text_stderr, is_bytes, WIN
+
+if not PY2:
+    from ._compat import _find_binary_writer
+elif WIN:
+    from ._winconsole import _get_windows_argv, \
+         _hash_py_argv, _initial_argv_hash
+
+
+echo_native_types = string_types + (bytes, bytearray)
+
+
+def _posixify(name):
+    return '-'.join(name.split()).lower()
+
+
+def safecall(func):
+    """Wraps a function so that it swallows exceptions."""
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def make_str(value):
+    """Converts a value into a valid string."""
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        try:
+            return value.decode(get_filesystem_encoding())
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return value.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+    return text_type(value)
+
+
+def make_default_short_help(help, max_length=45):
+    """Return a condensed version of help string."""
+    words = help.split()
+    total_length = 0
+    result = []
+    done = False
+
+    for word in words:
+        if word[-1:] == '.':
+            done = True
+        new_length = result and 1 + len(word) or len(word)
+        if total_length + new_length > max_length:
+            result.append('...')
+            done = True
+        else:
+            if result:
+                result.append(' ')
+            result.append(word)
+        if done:
+            break
+        total_length += new_length
+
+    return ''.join(result)
+
+
+class LazyFile(object):
+    """A lazy file works like a regular file but it does not fully open
+    the file but it does perform some basic checks early to see if the
+    filename parameter does make sense.  This is useful for safely opening
+    files for writing.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, mode='r', encoding=None, errors='strict',
+                 atomic=False):
+        self.name = filename
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.errors = errors
+        self.atomic = atomic
+
+        if filename == '-':
+            self._f, self.should_close = open_stream(filename, mode,
+                                                     encoding, errors)
+        else:
+            if 'r' in mode:
+                # Open and close the file in case we're opening it for
+                # reading so that we can catch at least some errors in
+                # some cases early.
+                open(filename, mode).close()
+            self._f = None
+            self.should_close = True
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.open(), name)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self._f is not None:
+            return repr(self._f)
+        return '<unopened file %r %s>' % (self.name, self.mode)
+
+    def open(self):
+        """Opens the file if it's not yet open.  This call might fail with
+        a :exc:`FileError`.  Not handling this error will produce an error
+        that Click shows.
+        """
+        if self._f is not None:
+            return self._f
+        try:
+            rv, self.should_close = open_stream(self.name, self.mode,
+                                                self.encoding,
+                                                self.errors,
+                                                atomic=self.atomic)
+        except (IOError, OSError) as e:
+            from .exceptions import FileError
+            raise FileError(self.name, hint=get_streerror(e))
+        self._f = rv
+        return rv
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Closes the underlying file, no matter what."""
+        if self._f is not None:
+            self._f.close()
+
+    def close_intelligently(self):
+        """This function only closes the file if it was opened by the lazy
+        file wrapper.  For instance this will never close stdin.
+        """
+        if self.should_close:
+            self.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        self.close_intelligently()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        self.open()
+        return iter(self._f)
+
+
+class KeepOpenFile(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, file):
+        self._file = file
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._file, name)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
+        pass
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self._file)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._file)
+
+
+def echo(message=None, file=None, nl=True, err=False, color=None):
+    """Prints a message plus a newline to the given file or stdout.  On
+    first sight, this looks like the print function, but it has improved
+    support for handling Unicode and binary data that does not fail no
+    matter how badly configured the system is.
+
+    Primarily it means that you can print binary data as well as Unicode
+    data on both 2.x and 3.x to the given file in the most appropriate way
+    possible.  This is a very carefree function in that it will try its
+    best to not fail.  As of Click 6.0 this includes support for unicode
+    output on the Windows console.
+
+    In addition to that, if `colorama`_ is installed, the echo function will
+    also support clever handling of ANSI codes.  Essentially it will then
+    do the following:
+
+    -   add transparent handling of ANSI color codes on Windows.
+    -   hide ANSI codes automatically if the destination file is not a
+        terminal.
+
+    .. _colorama: https://pypi.org/project/colorama/
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 6.0
+       As of Click 6.0 the echo function will properly support unicode
+       output on the windows console.  Not that click does not modify
+       the interpreter in any way which means that `sys.stdout` or the
+       print statement or function will still not provide unicode support.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+       Starting with version 2.0 of Click, the echo function will work
+       with colorama if it's installed.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+       The `err` parameter was added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0
+       Added the `color` flag.
+
+    :param message: the message to print
+    :param file: the file to write to (defaults to ``stdout``)
+    :param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
+                ``stdout``.  This is faster and easier than calling
+                :func:`get_text_stderr` yourself.
+    :param nl: if set to `True` (the default) a newline is printed afterwards.
+    :param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not.  The
+                  default is autodetection.
+    """
+    if file is None:
+        if err:
+            file = _default_text_stderr()
+        else:
+            file = _default_text_stdout()
+
+    # Convert non bytes/text into the native string type.
+    if message is not None and not isinstance(message, echo_native_types):
+        message = text_type(message)
+
+    if nl:
+        message = message or u''
+        if isinstance(message, text_type):
+            message += u'\n'
+        else:
+            message += b'\n'
+
+    # If there is a message, and we're in Python 3, and the value looks
+    # like bytes, we manually need to find the binary stream and write the
+    # message in there.  This is done separately so that most stream
+    # types will work as you would expect.  Eg: you can write to StringIO
+    # for other cases.
+    if message and not PY2 and is_bytes(message):
+        binary_file = _find_binary_writer(file)
+        if binary_file is not None:
+            file.flush()
+            binary_file.write(message)
+            binary_file.flush()
+            return
+
+    # ANSI-style support.  If there is no message or we are dealing with
+    # bytes nothing is happening.  If we are connected to a file we want
+    # to strip colors.  If we are on windows we either wrap the stream
+    # to strip the color or we use the colorama support to translate the
+    # ansi codes to API calls.
+    if message and not is_bytes(message):
+        color = resolve_color_default(color)
+        if should_strip_ansi(file, color):
+            message = strip_ansi(message)
+        elif WIN:
+            if auto_wrap_for_ansi is not None:
+                file = auto_wrap_for_ansi(file)
+            elif not color:
+                message = strip_ansi(message)
+
+    if message:
+        file.write(message)
+    file.flush()
+
+
+def get_binary_stream(name):
+    """Returns a system stream for byte processing.  This essentially
+    returns the stream from the sys module with the given name but it
+    solves some compatibility issues between different Python versions.
+    Primarily this function is necessary for getting binary streams on
+    Python 3.
+
+    :param name: the name of the stream to open.  Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
+                 ``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
+    """
+    opener = binary_streams.get(name)
+    if opener is None:
+        raise TypeError('Unknown standard stream %r' % name)
+    return opener()
+
+
+def get_text_stream(name, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
+    """Returns a system stream for text processing.  This usually returns
+    a wrapped stream around a binary stream returned from
+    :func:`get_binary_stream` but it also can take shortcuts on Python 3
+    for already correctly configured streams.
+
+    :param name: the name of the stream to open.  Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
+                 ``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
+    :param encoding: overrides the detected default encoding.
+    :param errors: overrides the default error mode.
+    """
+    opener = text_streams.get(name)
+    if opener is None:
+        raise TypeError('Unknown standard stream %r' % name)
+    return opener(encoding, errors)
+
+
+def open_file(filename, mode='r', encoding=None, errors='strict',
+              lazy=False, atomic=False):
+    """This is similar to how the :class:`File` works but for manual
+    usage.  Files are opened non lazy by default.  This can open regular
+    files as well as stdin/stdout if ``'-'`` is passed.
+
+    If stdin/stdout is returned the stream is wrapped so that the context
+    manager will not close the stream accidentally.  This makes it possible
+    to always use the function like this without having to worry to
+    accidentally close a standard stream::
+
+        with open_file(filename) as f:
+            ...
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+    :param filename: the name of the file to open (or ``'-'`` for stdin/stdout).
+    :param mode: the mode in which to open the file.
+    :param encoding: the encoding to use.
+    :param errors: the error handling for this file.
+    :param lazy: can be flipped to true to open the file lazily.
+    :param atomic: in atomic mode writes go into a temporary file and it's
+                   moved on close.
+    """
+    if lazy:
+        return LazyFile(filename, mode, encoding, errors, atomic=atomic)
+    f, should_close = open_stream(filename, mode, encoding, errors,
+                                  atomic=atomic)
+    if not should_close:
+        f = KeepOpenFile(f)
+    return f
+
+
+def get_os_args():
+    """This returns the argument part of sys.argv in the most appropriate
+    form for processing.  What this means is that this return value is in
+    a format that works for Click to process but does not necessarily
+    correspond well to what's actually standard for the interpreter.
+
+    On most environments the return value is ``sys.argv[:1]`` unchanged.
+    However if you are on Windows and running Python 2 the return value
+    will actually be a list of unicode strings instead because the
+    default behavior on that platform otherwise will not be able to
+    carry all possible values that sys.argv can have.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 6.0
+    """
+    # We can only extract the unicode argv if sys.argv has not been
+    # changed since the startup of the application.
+    if PY2 and WIN and _initial_argv_hash == _hash_py_argv():
+        return _get_windows_argv()
+    return sys.argv[1:]
+
+
+def format_filename(filename, shorten=False):
+    """Formats a filename for user display.  The main purpose of this
+    function is to ensure that the filename can be displayed at all.  This
+    will decode the filename to unicode if necessary in a way that it will
+    not fail.  Optionally, it can shorten the filename to not include the
+    full path to the filename.
+
+    :param filename: formats a filename for UI display.  This will also convert
+                     the filename into unicode without failing.
+    :param shorten: this optionally shortens the filename to strip of the
+                    path that leads up to it.
+    """
+    if shorten:
+        filename = os.path.basename(filename)
+    return filename_to_ui(filename)
+
+
+def get_app_dir(app_name, roaming=True, force_posix=False):
+    r"""Returns the config folder for the application.  The default behavior
+    is to return whatever is most appropriate for the operating system.
+
+    To give you an idea, for an app called ``"Foo Bar"``, something like
+    the following folders could be returned:
+
+    Mac OS X:
+      ``~/Library/Application Support/Foo Bar``
+    Mac OS X (POSIX):
+      ``~/.foo-bar``
+    Unix:
+      ``~/.config/foo-bar``
+    Unix (POSIX):
+      ``~/.foo-bar``
+    Win XP (roaming):
+      ``C:\Documents and Settings\<user>\Local Settings\Application Data\Foo Bar``
+    Win XP (not roaming):
+      ``C:\Documents and Settings\<user>\Application Data\Foo Bar``
+    Win 7 (roaming):
+      ``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\Foo Bar``
+    Win 7 (not roaming):
+      ``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Foo Bar``
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param app_name: the application name.  This should be properly capitalized
+                     and can contain whitespace.
+    :param roaming: controls if the folder should be roaming or not on Windows.
+                    Has no affect otherwise.
+    :param force_posix: if this is set to `True` then on any POSIX system the
+                        folder will be stored in the home folder with a leading
+                        dot instead of the XDG config home or darwin's
+                        application support folder.
+    """
+    if WIN:
+        key = roaming and 'APPDATA' or 'LOCALAPPDATA'
+        folder = os.environ.get(key)
+        if folder is None:
+            folder = os.path.expanduser('~')
+        return os.path.join(folder, app_name)
+    if force_posix:
+        return os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~/.' + _posixify(app_name)))
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        return os.path.join(os.path.expanduser(
+            '~/Library/Application Support'), app_name)
+    return os.path.join(
+        os.environ.get('XDG_CONFIG_HOME', os.path.expanduser('~/.config')),
+        _posixify(app_name))
+
+
+class PacifyFlushWrapper(object):
+    """This wrapper is used to catch and suppress BrokenPipeErrors resulting
+    from ``.flush()`` being called on broken pipe during the shutdown/final-GC
+    of the Python interpreter. Notably ``.flush()`` is always called on
+    ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr``. So as to have minimal impact on any
+    other cleanup code, and the case where the underlying file is not a broken
+    pipe, all calls and attributes are proxied.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped):
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+
+    def flush(self):
+        try:
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+        except IOError as e:
+            import errno
+            if e.errno != errno.EPIPE:
+                raise
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self.wrapped, attr)