[cleanup] Misc fixes

Closes https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/3213, Closes https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/3117

Related: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3146#issuecomment-1077323114, https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/3277#discussion_r841019671, https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/a825ffbffa0bea322e3ccb44c6f8e01d8d9572fb#commitcomment-68538986, https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2360, https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5fa3c9a88f597625296981a4a26be723e65d4842#r70393519, https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/commit/5fa3c9a88f597625296981a4a26be723e65d4842#r70393254

19 files changed, 94 insertions, 87 deletions

diff --git a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
index 51d83bde0..d03229d86 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
 
     _format_fields = {
         # NB: Keep in sync with the docstring of extractor/common.py
-        'url', 'manifest_url', 'ext', 'format', 'format_id', 'format_note',
+        'url', 'manifest_url', 'manifest_stream_number', 'ext', 'format', 'format_id', 'format_note',
         'width', 'height', 'resolution', 'dynamic_range', 'tbr', 'abr', 'acodec', 'asr',
         'vbr', 'fps', 'vcodec', 'container', 'filesize', 'filesize_approx',
         'player_url', 'protocol', 'fragment_base_url', 'fragments', 'is_from_start',
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
 
     def deprecation_warning(self, message):
         if self.params.get('logger') is not None:
-            self.params['logger'].warning('DeprecationWarning: {message}')
+            self.params['logger'].warning(f'DeprecationWarning: {message}')
         else:
             self.to_stderr(f'{self._format_err("DeprecationWarning:", self.Styles.ERROR)} {message}', True)
 
@@ -2478,8 +2478,9 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         if info_dict.get('is_live') and formats:
             formats = [f for f in formats if bool(f.get('is_from_start')) == get_from_start]
             if get_from_start and not formats:
-                self.raise_no_formats(info_dict, msg='--live-from-start is passed, but there are no formats that can be downloaded from the start. '
-                                                     'If you want to download from the current time, pass --no-live-from-start')
+                self.raise_no_formats(info_dict, msg=(
+                    '--live-from-start is passed, but there are no formats that can be downloaded from the start. '
+                    'If you want to download from the current time, use --no-live-from-start'))
 
         if not formats:
             self.raise_no_formats(info_dict)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
index a445d8621..ebf2d227a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ def validate_options(opts):
             'To let yt-dlp download and merge the best available formats, simply do not pass any format selection',
             'If you know what you are doing and want only the best pre-merged format, use "-f b" instead to suppress this warning')))
 
-    # --(post-processor/downloader)-args without name
+    # --(postprocessor/downloader)-args without name
     def report_args_compat(name, value, key1, key2=None):
         if key1 in value and key2 not in value:
             warnings.append(f'{name} arguments given without specifying name. The arguments will be given to all {name}s')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/cookies.py b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
index 7265cad81..1f08a3664 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/cookies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from .compat import (
     compat_cookiejar_Cookie,
 )
 from .utils import (
+    error_to_str,
     expand_path,
     Popen,
     YoutubeDLCookieJar,
@@ -721,7 +722,7 @@ def _get_kwallet_network_wallet(logger):
             network_wallet = stdout.decode('utf-8').strip()
             logger.debug('NetworkWallet = "{}"'.format(network_wallet))
             return network_wallet
-    except BaseException as e:
+    except Exception as e:
         logger.warning('exception while obtaining NetworkWallet: {}'.format(e))
         return default_wallet
 
@@ -766,8 +767,8 @@ def _get_kwallet_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
                 if stdout[-1:] == b'\n':
                     stdout = stdout[:-1]
                 return stdout
-    except BaseException as e:
-        logger.warning(f'exception running kwallet-query: {type(e).__name__}({e})')
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(f'exception running kwallet-query: {error_to_str(e)}')
         return b''
 
 
@@ -823,8 +824,8 @@ def _get_mac_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
         if stdout[-1:] == b'\n':
             stdout = stdout[:-1]
         return stdout
-    except BaseException as e:
-        logger.warning(f'exception running find-generic-password: {type(e).__name__}({e})')
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(f'exception running find-generic-password: {error_to_str(e)}')
         return None
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
index 6b75dfc62..c45a8a476 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
                 pass
 
         if compat_os_name == 'nt':
-            def bindoj_result(future):
+            def future_result(future):
                 while True:
                     try:
                         return future.result(0.1)
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
                     except concurrent.futures.TimeoutError:
                         continue
         else:
-            def bindoj_result(future):
+            def future_result(future):
                 return future.result()
 
         def interrupt_trigger_iter(fg):
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
         result = True
         for tpe, job in spins:
             try:
-                result = result and bindoj_result(job)
+                result = result and future_result(job)
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 interrupt_trigger[0] = False
             finally:
@@ -494,16 +494,14 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
                 self.report_error('Giving up after %s fragment retries' % fragment_retries)
 
         def append_fragment(frag_content, frag_index, ctx):
-            if not frag_content:
-                if not is_fatal(frag_index - 1):
-                    self.report_skip_fragment(frag_index, 'fragment not found')
-                    return True
-                else:
-                    ctx['dest_stream'].close()
-                    self.report_error(
-                        'fragment %s not found, unable to continue' % frag_index)
-                    return False
-            self._append_fragment(ctx, pack_func(frag_content, frag_index))
+            if frag_content:
+                self._append_fragment(ctx, pack_func(frag_content, frag_index))
+            elif not is_fatal(frag_index - 1):
+                self.report_skip_fragment(frag_index, 'fragment not found')
+            else:
+                ctx['dest_stream'].close()
+                self.report_error(f'fragment {frag_index} not found, unable to continue')
+                return False
             return True
 
         decrypt_fragment = self.decrypter(info_dict)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
index cabf401a7..591a9b08d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import random
 
 from .common import FileDownloader
 from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
     compat_urllib_error,
     compat_http_client
 )
@@ -58,8 +57,6 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
         ctx.resume_len = 0
         ctx.block_size = self.params.get('buffersize', 1024)
         ctx.start_time = time.time()
-        ctx.chunk_size = None
-        throttle_start = None
 
         # parse given Range
         req_start, req_end, _ = parse_http_range(headers.get('Range'))
@@ -85,12 +82,6 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
         class NextFragment(Exception):
             pass
 
-        def set_range(req, start, end):
-            range_header = 'bytes=%d-' % start
-            if end:
-                range_header += compat_str(end)
-            req.add_header('Range', range_header)
-
         def establish_connection():
             ctx.chunk_size = (random.randint(int(chunk_size * 0.95), chunk_size)
                               if not is_test and chunk_size else chunk_size)
@@ -131,7 +122,7 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
             request = sanitized_Request(url, request_data, headers)
             has_range = range_start is not None
             if has_range:
-                set_range(request, range_start, range_end)
+                request.add_header('Range', f'bytes={int(range_start)}-{int_or_none(range_end) or ""}')
             # Establish connection
             try:
                 ctx.data = self.ydl.urlopen(request)
@@ -214,7 +205,6 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
                 raise RetryDownload(err)
 
         def download():
-            nonlocal throttle_start
             data_len = ctx.data.info().get('Content-length', None)
 
             # Range HTTP header may be ignored/unsupported by a webserver
@@ -329,14 +319,14 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
                 if speed and speed < (self.params.get('throttledratelimit') or 0):
                     # The speed must stay below the limit for 3 seconds
                     # This prevents raising error when the speed temporarily goes down
-                    if throttle_start is None:
-                        throttle_start = now
-                    elif now - throttle_start > 3:
+                    if ctx.throttle_start is None:
+                        ctx.throttle_start = now
+                    elif now - ctx.throttle_start > 3:
                         if ctx.stream is not None and ctx.tmpfilename != '-':
                             ctx.stream.close()
                         raise ThrottledDownload()
                 elif speed:
-                    throttle_start = None
+                    ctx.throttle_start = None
 
             if not is_test and ctx.chunk_size and ctx.content_len is not None and byte_counter < ctx.content_len:
                 ctx.resume_len = byte_counter
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
index dd1ff512e..3212f3328 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
@@ -926,9 +926,9 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
         if season_id and not video_data:
             # Non-Bstation layout, read through episode list
             season_json = self._call_api(f'/web/v2/ogv/play/episodes?season_id={season_id}&platform=web', video_id)
-            video_data = next(
-                episode for episode in traverse_obj(season_json, ('sections', ..., 'episodes', ...), expected_type=dict)
-                if str(episode.get('episode_id')) == ep_id)
+            video_data = traverse_obj(season_json,
+                                      ('sections', ..., 'episodes', lambda _, v: str(v['episode_id']) == ep_id),
+                                      expected_type=dict, get_all=False)
         return self._extract_video_info(video_data, ep_id=ep_id, aid=aid)
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canvas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canvas.py
index 31e7d7de6..8b9903774 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canvas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canvas.py
@@ -245,10 +245,6 @@ class VrtNUIE(GigyaBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20200727',
         },
         'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
-        'params': {
-            'username': '<snip>',
-            'password': '<snip>',
-        },
         'expected_warnings': ['is not a supported codec'],
     }, {
         # Only available via new API endpoint
@@ -264,10 +260,6 @@ class VrtNUIE(GigyaBaseIE):
             'episode_number': 5,
         },
         'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
-        'params': {
-            'username': '<snip>',
-            'password': '<snip>',
-        },
         'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download asset JSON', 'is not a supported codec', 'Unknown MIME type'],
     }]
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'vrtnu'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
index 81688eb54..e2605c1f4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
@@ -139,6 +139,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                    for HDS - URL of the F4M manifest,
                                    for DASH - URL of the MPD manifest,
                                    for MSS - URL of the ISM manifest.
+                    * manifest_stream_number  (For internal use only)
+                                 The index of the stream in the manifest file
                     * ext        Will be calculated from URL if missing
                     * format     A human-readable description of the format
                                  ("mp4 container with h264/opus").
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                  (HTTP or RTMP) download. Boolean.
                     * has_drm    The format has DRM and cannot be downloaded. Boolean
                     * downloader_options  A dictionary of downloader options as
-                                 described in FileDownloader
+                                 described in FileDownloader (For internal use only)
                     RTMP formats can also have the additional fields: page_url,
                     app, play_path, tc_url, flash_version, rtmp_live, rtmp_conn,
                     rtmp_protocol, rtmp_real_time
@@ -3684,9 +3686,9 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     def _merge_subtitle_items(subtitle_list1, subtitle_list2):
         """ Merge subtitle items for one language. Items with duplicated URLs/data
         will be dropped. """
-        list1_data = set([item.get('url') or item['data'] for item in subtitle_list1])
+        list1_data = set((item.get('url'), item.get('data')) for item in subtitle_list1)
         ret = list(subtitle_list1)
-        ret.extend([item for item in subtitle_list2 if (item.get('url') or item['data']) not in list1_data])
+        ret.extend(item for item in subtitle_list2 if (item.get('url'), item.get('data')) not in list1_data)
         return ret
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
index a7442d8f0..2fa61950c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
             self._login(display_id)
             webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id, note='Downloading video webpage')
         finally:
-            self._download_webpage('https://www.dropout.tv/logout', display_id, note='Logging out')
+            self._download_webpage('https://www.dropout.tv/logout', display_id, note='Logging out', fatal=False)
 
         embed_url = self._search_regex(r'embed_url:\s*["\'](.+?)["\']', webpage, 'embed url')
         thumbnail = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': VHXEmbedIE.ie_key(),
             'url': embed_url,
-            'id': self._search_regex(r'embed.vhx.tv/videos/(.+?)\?', embed_url, 'id'),
+            'id': self._search_regex(r'embed\.vhx\.tv/videos/(.+?)\?', embed_url, 'id'),
             'display_id': display_id,
             'title': title,
             'description': self._html_search_meta('description', webpage, fatal=False),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
index 2deed585f..5e0e2facf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
@@ -397,8 +397,10 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'handleWithCustomApplyEach\(\s*ScheduledApplyEach\s*,\s*(\{.+?\})\s*\);', webpage)]
             post = traverse_obj(post_data, (
                 ..., 'require', ..., ..., ..., '__bbox', 'result', 'data'), expected_type=dict) or []
-            media = [m for m in traverse_obj(post, (..., 'attachments', ..., 'media'), expected_type=dict) or []
-                     if str(m.get('id')) == video_id and m.get('__typename') == 'Video']
+            media = traverse_obj(
+                post,
+                (..., 'attachments', ..., 'media', lambda _, m: str(m['id']) == video_id and m['__typename'] == 'Video'),
+                expected_type=dict)
             title = get_first(media, ('title', 'text'))
             description = get_first(media, ('creation_story', 'comet_sections', 'message', 'story', 'message', 'text'))
             uploader_data = get_first(media, 'owner') or get_first(post, ('node', 'actors', ...)) or {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
index 2c503e581..bd56ad289 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
@@ -2523,7 +2523,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Riku ja Tunna lähtevät peurajahtiin tv:stä tutun biologin kanssa – metsästysreissu huipentuu kasvissyöjän painajaiseen!',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg$',
                 'duration': 108,
-                'series' : 'Madventures Suomi',
+                'series': 'Madventures Suomi',
                 'description': 'md5:aa55b44bd06a1e337a6f1d0b46507381',
                 'categories': ['Matkailu', 'Elämäntyyli'],
                 'age_limit': 0,
@@ -3886,8 +3886,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             if RtmpIE.suitable(vurl):
                 return True
             vpath = compat_urlparse.urlparse(vurl).path
-            vext = determine_ext(vpath)
-            return '.' in vpath and vext not in ('swf', 'png', 'jpg', 'srt', 'sbv', 'sub', 'vtt', 'ttml', 'js', 'xml')
+            vext = determine_ext(vpath, None)
+            return vext not in (None, 'swf', 'png', 'jpg', 'srt', 'sbv', 'sub', 'vtt', 'ttml', 'js', 'xml')
 
         def filter_video(urls):
             return list(filter(check_video, urls))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
index 369141d67..b20681ad1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class LimelightBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     cc_url = cc.get('webvttFileUrl')
                     if not cc_url:
                         continue
-                    lang = cc.get('languageCode') or self._search_regex(r'/[a-z]{2}\.vtt', cc_url, 'lang', default='en')
+                    lang = cc.get('languageCode') or self._search_regex(r'/([a-z]{2})\.vtt', cc_url, 'lang', default='en')
                     subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
                         'url': cc_url,
                     })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
index a5a1a01e0..4eb6ed070 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
         comment_user_key = traverse_obj(api_data, ('comment', 'keys', 'userKey'))
         user_id_str = session_api_data.get('serviceUserId')
 
-        thread_ids = [x for x in traverse_obj(api_data, ('comment', 'threads')) or [] if x['isActive']]
+        thread_ids = traverse_obj(api_data, ('comment', 'threads', lambda _, v: v['isActive']))
         raw_danmaku = self._extract_all_comments(video_id, thread_ids, user_id_str, comment_user_key)
         if not raw_danmaku:
             self.report_warning(f'Failed to get comments. {bug_reports_message()}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
index 6f8c32882..c1d6c5477 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             'id': aweme_id,
             'title': aweme_detail.get('desc'),
-            'description': aweme_detail['desc'],
+            'description': aweme_detail.get('desc'),
             'view_count': int_or_none(stats_info.get('play_count')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(stats_info.get('digg_count')),
             'repost_count': int_or_none(stats_info.get('share_count')),
@@ -387,6 +387,9 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'like_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
+            'artist': 'Ysrbeats',
+            'album': 'Lehanga',
+            'track': 'Lehanga',
         }
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@patroxofficial/video/6742501081818877190?langCountry=en',
@@ -410,6 +413,8 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'like_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
+            'artist': 'Evan Todd, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alice Lee, Barrett Wilbert Weed & Jon Eidson',
+            'track': 'Big Fun',
         }
     }, {
         # Banned audio, only available on the app
@@ -463,7 +468,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '7059698374567611694',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'N/A',
+            'title': 'tiktok video #7059698374567611694',
             'description': '',
             'uploader': 'pokemonlife22',
             'creator': 'Pokemon',
@@ -480,7 +485,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
             'repost_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available', 'Creating a generic title']
     }, {
         # Auto-captions available
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@hankgreen1/video/7047596209028074758',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
index a101af67e..7d3966bf1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
@@ -163,7 +163,6 @@ class YandexVideoPreviewIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://i.mycdn.me/videoPreview?id=544866765315&type=37&idx=13&tkn=TY5qjLYZHxpmcnK8U2LgzYkgmaU&fn=external_8',
             'uploader_id': '481054701571',
             'title': 'LOFT - summer, summer, summer HD',
-            'manifest_stream_number': 0,
             'uploader': 'АРТЁМ КУДРОВ',
         },
     }, {  # youtube
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
index 485849ba9..017554c88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
@@ -837,17 +837,20 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
 
         uploader = self._get_text(renderer, 'ownerText', 'shortBylineText')
         channel_id = traverse_obj(
-            renderer, ('shortBylineText', 'runs', ..., 'navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId'), expected_type=str, get_all=False)
+            renderer, ('shortBylineText', 'runs', ..., 'navigationEndpoint', 'browseEndpoint', 'browseId'),
+            expected_type=str, get_all=False)
         timestamp, time_text = self._extract_time_text(renderer, 'publishedTimeText')
         scheduled_timestamp = str_to_int(traverse_obj(renderer, ('upcomingEventData', 'startTime'), get_all=False))
         overlay_style = traverse_obj(
-            renderer, ('thumbnailOverlays', ..., 'thumbnailOverlayTimeStatusRenderer', 'style'), get_all=False, expected_type=str)
+            renderer, ('thumbnailOverlays', ..., 'thumbnailOverlayTimeStatusRenderer', 'style'),
+            get_all=False, expected_type=str)
         badges = self._extract_badges(renderer)
         thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(renderer, 'thumbnail')
         navigation_url = urljoin('https://www.youtube.com/', traverse_obj(
-            renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'), expected_type=str))
+            renderer, ('navigationEndpoint', 'commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
+            expected_type=str)) or ''
         url = f'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={video_id}'
-        if overlay_style == 'SHORTS' or (navigation_url and '/shorts/' in navigation_url):
+        if overlay_style == 'SHORTS' or '/shorts/' in navigation_url:
             url = f'https://www.youtube.com/shorts/{video_id}'
 
         return {
@@ -862,7 +865,9 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': uploader,
             'channel_id': channel_id,
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'upload_date': strftime_or_none(timestamp, '%Y%m%d') if self._configuration_arg('approximate_date', ie_key='youtubetab') else None,
+            'upload_date': (strftime_or_none(timestamp, '%Y%m%d')
+                            if self._configuration_arg('approximate_date', ie_key='youtubetab')
+                            else None),
             'live_status': ('is_upcoming' if scheduled_timestamp is not None
                             else 'was_live' if 'streamed' in time_text.lower()
                             else 'is_live' if overlay_style is not None and overlay_style == 'LIVE' or 'live now' in badges
diff --git a/yt_dlp/options.py b/yt_dlp/options.py
index eb306898a..06c613262 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/options.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/options.py
@@ -163,6 +163,8 @@ def create_parser():
         values = [process(value)] if delim is None else list(map(process, value.split(delim)[::-1]))
         while values:
             actual_val = val = values.pop()
+            if not val:
+                raise optparse.OptionValueError(f'Invalid {option.metavar} for {opt_str}: {value}')
             if val == 'all':
                 current.update(allowed_values)
             elif val == '-all':
@@ -1311,7 +1313,7 @@ def create_parser():
         '--audio-format', metavar='FORMAT', dest='audioformat', default='best',
         help=(
             'Specify audio format to convert the audio to when -x is used. Currently supported formats are: '
-            'best (default) or one of %s' % '|'.join(FFmpegExtractAudioPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))
+            'best (default) or one of %s' % ', '.join(FFmpegExtractAudioPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))
     postproc.add_option(
         '--audio-quality', metavar='QUALITY',
         dest='audioquality', default='5',
@@ -1323,7 +1325,7 @@ def create_parser():
             'Remux the video into another container if necessary (currently supported: %s). '
             'If target container does not support the video/audio codec, remuxing will fail. '
             'You can specify multiple rules; Eg. "aac>m4a/mov>mp4/mkv" will remux aac to m4a, mov to mp4 '
-            'and anything else to mkv.' % '|'.join(FFmpegVideoRemuxerPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))
+            'and anything else to mkv.' % ', '.join(FFmpegVideoRemuxerPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))
     postproc.add_option(
         '--recode-video',
         metavar='FORMAT', dest='recodevideo', default=None,
@@ -1438,7 +1440,7 @@ def create_parser():
             '"multi_video" (default; only when the videos form a single show). '
             'All the video files must have same codecs and number of streams to be concatable. '
             'The "pl_video:" prefix can be used with "--paths" and "--output" to '
-            'set the output filename for the split files. See "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for details'))
+            'set the output filename for the concatenated files. See "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for details'))
     postproc.add_option(
         '--fixup',
         metavar='POLICY', dest='fixup', default=None,
@@ -1486,20 +1488,20 @@ def create_parser():
         help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
     postproc.add_option(
         '--no-exec-before-download',
-        action='store_const', dest='exec_before_dl_cmd', const=[],
+        action='store_const', dest='exec_before_dl_cmd', const=None,
         help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
     postproc.add_option(
         '--convert-subs', '--convert-sub', '--convert-subtitles',
         metavar='FORMAT', dest='convertsubtitles', default=None,
         help=(
             'Convert the subtitles to another format (currently supported: %s) '
-            '(Alias: --convert-subtitles)' % '|'.join(FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))
+            '(Alias: --convert-subtitles)' % ', '.join(FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))
     postproc.add_option(
         '--convert-thumbnails',
         metavar='FORMAT', dest='convertthumbnails', default=None,
         help=(
             'Convert the thumbnails to another format '
-            '(currently supported: %s) ' % '|'.join(FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))
+            '(currently supported: %s) ' % ', '.join(FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))
     postproc.add_option(
         '--split-chapters', '--split-tracks',
         dest='split_chapters', action='store_true', default=False,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
index 5216acbfb..643290286 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
@@ -500,6 +500,9 @@ class FFmpegExtractAudioPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         temp_path = new_path = prefix + sep + extension
 
         if new_path == path:
+            if acodec == 'copy':
+                self.to_screen(f'File is already in target format {self._preferredcodec}, skipping')
+                return [], information
             orig_path = prepend_extension(path, 'orig')
             temp_path = prepend_extension(path, 'temp')
         if (self._nopostoverwrites and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(new_path))
@@ -1122,6 +1125,11 @@ class FFmpegConcatPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         self._only_multi_video = only_multi_video
         super().__init__(downloader)
 
+    def _get_codecs(self, file):
+        codecs = traverse_obj(self.get_metadata_object(file), ('streams', ..., 'codec_name'))
+        self.write_debug(f'Codecs = {", ".join(codecs)}')
+        return tuple(codecs)
+
     def concat_files(self, in_files, out_file):
         if not self._downloader._ensure_dir_exists(out_file):
             return
@@ -1131,8 +1139,7 @@ class FFmpegConcatPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             os.replace(in_files[0], out_file)
             return []
 
-        codecs = [traverse_obj(self.get_metadata_object(file), ('streams', ..., 'codec_name')) for file in in_files]
-        if len(set(map(tuple, codecs))) > 1:
+        if len(set(map(self._get_codecs, in_files))) > 1:
             raise PostProcessingError(
                 'The files have different streams/codecs and cannot be concatenated. '
                 'Either select different formats or --recode-video them to a common format')
@@ -1146,7 +1153,7 @@ class FFmpegConcatPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         entries = info.get('entries') or []
         if not any(entries) or (self._only_multi_video and info['_type'] != 'multi_video'):
             return [], info
-        elif any(len(entry) > 1 for entry in traverse_obj(entries, (..., 'requested_downloads')) or []):
+        elif traverse_obj(entries, (..., 'requested_downloads', lambda _, v: len(v) > 1)):
             raise PostProcessingError('Concatenation is not supported when downloading multiple separate formats')
 
         in_files = traverse_obj(entries, (..., 'requested_downloads', 0, 'filepath')) or []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils.py b/yt_dlp/utils.py
index ce918750d..6663583fc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils.py
@@ -1040,7 +1040,7 @@ def make_HTTPS_handler(params, **kwargs):
 
 
 def bug_reports_message(before=';'):
-    msg = ('please report this issue on  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp , '
+    msg = ('please report this issue on  https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues?q= , '
            'filling out the appropriate issue template. '
            'Confirm you are on the latest version using  yt-dlp -U')
 
@@ -2883,6 +2883,7 @@ class PagedList:
 
 
 class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):
+    """Download pages until a page with less than maximum results"""
     def _getslice(self, start, end):
         for pagenum in itertools.count(start // self._pagesize):
             firstid = pagenum * self._pagesize
@@ -2922,6 +2923,7 @@ class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):
 
 
 class InAdvancePagedList(PagedList):
+    """PagedList with total number of pages known in advance"""
     def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagecount, pagesize):
         PagedList.__init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize, True)
         self._pagecount = pagecount
@@ -3090,13 +3092,10 @@ def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
 
 
 def dict_get(d, key_or_keys, default=None, skip_false_values=True):
-    if isinstance(key_or_keys, (list, tuple)):
-        for key in key_or_keys:
-            if key not in d or d[key] is None or skip_false_values and not d[key]:
-                continue
-            return d[key]
-        return default
-    return d.get(key_or_keys, default)
+    for val in map(d.get, variadic(key_or_keys)):
+        if val is not None and (val or not skip_false_values):
+            return val
+    return default
 
 
 def try_call(*funcs, expected_type=None, args=[], kwargs={}):
@@ -3324,6 +3323,10 @@ def error_to_compat_str(err):
     return err_str
 
 
+def error_to_str(err):
+    return f'{type(err).__name__}: {err}'
+
+
 def mimetype2ext(mt):
     if mt is None:
         return None